Abstract
EU regulation mechanisms are typically designed to reinforce European values of human dignity, freedom, equality, democracy, human rights, and rule of law while establishing mechanisms that mobilize products and services and supporting economic and technological development. The EU Machinery Directive 2006 has had a pivotal role in securing the quality and safety of machines and devices on the European common market. This article discusses the points of convergence and divergence of values in light of various EU regulations, particularly in relation to digital products and AI applications. To distinguish the types of value conflicts, the article refers to Erik Hollnagel’s Efficiency-Thoroughness-Trade-Off (ETTO) principle and discusses how a reasonable balance between diverse values could be negotiated in designing AI-integrated devices and services.
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Notes
- 1.
See, for example, Bolt (2008) for the development.
- 2.
The date of entry of the directive was 1 January, 1993, with a mandatory effective date of 1 January, 1995.
- 3.
See, for example, the Journal of Safety Studies published by the Macrothink Institute, https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jss.
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Hallamaa, J. (2022). Improving AI Systems Through Trade-Offs Between Values. In: Duffy, V.G. (eds) Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management. Health, Operations Management, and Design. HCII 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13320. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06018-2_23
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