Skip to main content

Towards Semantically Enhanced Audio Rendering of Equations

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computers Helping People with Special Needs (ICCHP-AAATE 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13341))

  • 1709 Accesses

Abstract

At present STEM education beyond middle school is largely inaccessible to visually impaired students in countries like India. Access to equations, tables, charts and figures are the key bottleneck. With the increased penetration of screen reading software, effective audio rendering of equations can significantly help in making many of the e-texts accessible. Unfortunately, linear syntactic rendering of equations can create considerable cognitive load even for relatively simple equations. In this paper we propose an architecture to extract contextual semantic of equations based on the local definitions. This will help in adapting audio rendering of equations based on their contextual semantics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Almomen, R.: Context classification for improved semantic understanding of mathematical formulae. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bansal, A., Balakrishnan, M., Sorge, V.: Comprehensive accessibility of equations by visually impaired. Accessibil. Comput. 126, 1 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bansal, A., Balakrishnan, M., Sorge, V.: Evaluating cognitive complexity of algebraic equations. J. Technol. Persons Disabill. 170, 170–200 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bansal, A., Kumar, P., Sorge, V., Balakrishnan, M.: Locating mathematical definitions in a document. In: 4th International Workshop on Digitization and E-Inclusion in Mathematics and Science (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cervone, D., Krautzberger, P., Sorge, V.: New accessibility features in MathJax. J. Technol. Persons Disabil. 4, 167–175 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Doush, I.A., Alkhateeb, F., Al Maghayreh, E.: Towards meaningful mathematical expressions in e-learning. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Intelligent Semantic Web-Services and Applications, pp. 1–5 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Frankel, L., Brownstein, B., Soiffer, N.: Navigable, customizable TTS for algebra. In: 28th Annual International Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference Scientific/Research Proceedings. California State University, Northridge (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ginev, D., Jucovschi, C., Anca, S., Grigore, M., David, C., Kohlhase, M.: An architecture for linguistic and semantic analysis on the arxmliv corpus. Informatik 2009-Im Focus das Leben (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Grigore, M., Wolska, M., Kohlhase, M.: Towards context-based disambiguation of mathematical expressions. In: Joint Conference of ASCM, pp. 262–271 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nghiem, M.-Q., Kristianto, G.Y., Topić, G., Aizawa, A.: A hybrid approach for semantic enrichment of MathML mathematical expressions. In: Carette, J., Aspinall, D., Lange, C., Sojka, P., Windsteiger, W. (eds.) CICM 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7961, pp. 278–287. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39320-4_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Nghiem, M.-Q., Yoko, G., Matsubayashi, Y., Aizawa, A.: Towards mathematical expression understanding. inftyreader.org (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pennington, J., Socher, R., Manning, C.D.: GloVe: global vectors for word representation. In: Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Shan, R., Youssef, A.: Towards math terms disambiguation using machine learning. In: Kamareddine, F., Sacerdoti Coen, C. (eds.) CICM 2021. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12833, pp. 90–106. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81097-9_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Stathopoulos, Y., Teufel, S.: Mathematical information retrieval based on type embeddings and query expansion. In: 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Stuber, J., Van den Brand, M.: Extracting mathematical semantics from +LATEX documents. In: International Workshop on Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning, pp. 160–173. Springer (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24572-8_11

  16. List of mathematical symbols by subject. Wikipedia (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  17. wink-nlp - npm. https://www.npmjs.com/package/wink-nlp (2022)

  18. Wolska, M., Grigore, M.: Symbol Declarations in Mathematical Writing. Masaryk University Press (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wolska, M., Grigore, M., Kohlhase, M.: Using Discourse Context to Interpret Object-Denoting Mathematical Expressions. Masaryk University Press (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yamaguchi, K., Komada, T., Kawane, F., Suzuki, M.: New features in math accessibility with Infty software. In: Miesenberger, K., Klaus, J., Zagler, W., Karshmer, A. (eds.) ICCHP 2008. LNCS, vol. 5105, pp. 892–899. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70540-6_134

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Yokoi, K., Nghiem, M.-Q., Matsubayashi, Y., Aizawa, A.: Contextual analysis of mathematical expressions for advanced mathematical search. Polibits 43, 81–86 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This project is supported by the Google Faculty Award for Inclusion Research. MathJax work was supported in part by Simons Foundation Grant, No. 514521.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akashdeep Bansal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bansal, A., Sorge, V., Balakrishnan, M., Aggarwal, A. (2022). Towards Semantically Enhanced Audio Rendering of Equations. In: Miesenberger, K., Kouroupetroglou, G., Mavrou, K., Manduchi, R., Covarrubias Rodriguez, M., Penáz, P. (eds) Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP-AAATE 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13341. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08648-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08648-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-08647-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-08648-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics