Abstract
Cerebral Microbleeds (CMBs) are chronic deposits of small blood products in the brain tissues, which have explicit relation to cerebrovascular diseases, including cognitive decline, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction. However, manual detection of the CMBs is a time-consuming and error-prone process because of the sparse and tiny properties of CMBs. Also, the detection of CMBs is commonly affected by the existence of many CMB mimics that cause a high false-positive rate (FPR), such as calcification, iron depositions, and pial vessels. This paper proposes an efficient single-stage deep learning framework for the automatic detection of CMBs. The structure consists of a 3D U-Net employed as a backbone and Region Proposal Network (RPN). To significantly reduce the FPs, we developed a new scheme, containing Feature Fusion Module (FFM) that greatly detects small candidates utilizing contextual information and Hard Sample Prototype Learning (HSPL) that mines CMB mimics and generates additional loss term called concentration loss using Convolutional Prototype Learning (CPL). The proposed network utilizes Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) and phase images as 3D input to efficiently capture 3D information. The proposed model was trained and tested using data containing 114 subjects with 365 CMBs. The performance of vanilla RPN shows a sensitivity of 93.33% and an average number of false positives per subject (FPavg) of 14.73. In contrast, the proposed Feature Fused RPN that utilizes the HSPL outperforms the vanilla RPN and achieves a sensitivity of 94.66% and FPavg of 0.86.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Brain Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2018M3C7A1056884) and (NRF -2019R1A2C1090635), Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) (HI14C1135), Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government (the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) (Project Number: 202011D23).
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Kim, JH., Al-masni, M.A., Lee, S., Lee, H., Kim, DH. (2022). Cerebral Microbleeds Detection Using a 3D Feature Fused Region Proposal Network with Hard Sample Prototype Learning. In: Wang, L., Dou, Q., Fletcher, P.T., Speidel, S., Li, S. (eds) Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2022. MICCAI 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13431. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16431-6_43
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