Abstract
With many data breaches and spoofing attacks on our networks, it becomes imperative to provide a reliable method for verifying the integrity of the source. Blockchain location-based proof-of-origin is explored for tracking trucks and vehicles. Blockchain applications that support quick authentication with these non-mutable ledger properties: consensus and implemented as smart contracts at the edge. This Blockchain application will now be known as the POWTracker platform, gathering data from multiple cameras. POWTracker is based on an existing GPS-based blockchain ledger and runs on an edge device that uses AI consensus and multiple cameras. By using GPS algorithms, we present a novel mining algorithm that rewards POW miners, providing a trustworthy, verifiable proof-of-location system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sheng, H., et al.: Near-online tracking with co-occurrence constraints in blockchain-based edge computing. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(4), 2193–2207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3035415
Iyer, V., Mehmood, A.: Multi-Object On-Line Tracking as n Ill-Posed Problem: Ensemble Deep Learning at the Edge for Spatial Re-Identification, Computing Conference, UK (2022)
Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (2008)
Iyer, V., Aved, A., Howlett, T.B., Carlo, J.T.: Autoencoder Versus Pre-trained CNN networks: Deep-features Applied to Accelerate Computationally Expensive Object Detection in Real-time Video Streams, SPIE (2018)
Iyer, V., et al.: Fast Multi-modal reuse: co-occurrence pre-trained deep learning models. In: SPIE 2019
Iyer, V., Iyengar, S.S., Pissinou, N.: Ensemble Stream Model for Data-cleaning in Sensor Networks, AI Matters (2015)
Iyer, V., Mehmood, A.: Metadata learning of non-visual features: co-occurrence overlap function for rectangular regions and ground truth data. In: SPIE 2020
Iyer, V.S.: Sachin, Virtual Sensor Tracking using Byzantine Fault Tolerance and Predictive outlier Model for Complex Tasks Recognition, SPIE Defense + Security (2015)
Richard, R., Brooks, S., Iyengar, S.: Robust distributed computing and sensing algorithm. Computer 29(6), 53–60 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1109/2.507632
Lou, Y., Bai, Y., Liu, J., Wang, S., Duan, L.: VERI-Wild: a large dataset and a new method for vehicle re-identification in the wild. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2019
van Diggelen, F., Khider, M., Raw, A.: GNSS Measurement Datasets for Precise Positioning (2020)
Qian, Q., Shang, L. , Sun, B., Hu, J., Li, H., Jin, R.: Softtriple loss: deep metric learning without triplet sampling (2020)
Krause, J., Stark, M., Deng, J., Fei-Fei, L.: 3D object representations for fine-grained categorization. In: 4th International IEEE Workshop on 3D Representation and Recognition (3dRR-13) (2013)
Liu, W., Wen, Y., Yu, Z., Yang, M.: Large-margin softmax loss for convolutional neural networks (2017)
Zulch, P., Distasio, M., Cushman, T., Wilson, B., Hart, B., Blasch, E.: Escape data collection for multi-modal data fusion research. In. IEEE Aerospace Conference 2019, pp. 1–10 (2019)
Wojke, N., Bewley, A., Paulus, D.: Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric (2017)
Held, D., Thrun, S., Savarese, S.: Learning to track at 100 FPS with deep regression networks, CoRR abs/1604.01802
He, L., Liao, X., Liu, W., Liu, X., Cheng, P., Mei, T.: Fastreid: a pytorch toolbox for general instance re-identification, arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.02631
luxonis, OAK-D: Stereo camera with edge ai, stereo Camera with Edge AI capabilites from Luxonis and OpenCV (2020)
luxonis, DepthAI: Embedded machine learning and computer vision api, software available from luxonis.com (2020)
Demidovskij, A., Tugaryov, A., Kashchikhin, A., Suvorov, A., Tarkan, Y., Mikhail, F., Yury, G.: OpenVINO deep learning workbench: towards analytical platform for neural networks inference optimization. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1828(1), 012012 (2021)
Khaled Salah, 1, (Senior Member, Ieee), Habib Ur Rehman, M., Nizamuddin, N., Ala Al-Fuqaha, Blockchain For Ai: Review And Open Research Challenges, IEEE Access (2018)
Kamel Boulos, M.N., Wilson, J.T., Clauson, K.A.: Geospatial blockchain: promises, challenges, and scenarios in health and healthcare. Int. J. Health Geographics (2018)
Linked List. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_list
Hash Chain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_chain4.Merkle Tree
SHA-256 Calculator. https://www.xorbin.com/tools/sha256-hash-calculator
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank IBM and National Fintech Center, Morgan State for providing the blockchain discussions for this project. The NSF Award#2101181 funded security and privacy work aim 1, 2, and 3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Iyer, V., Mehmood, A., Babu, B., Reddy, Y. (2023). Spatial Blockchain: Smart Contract Using Multiple Camera Censuses. In: Arai, K. (eds) Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2022, Volume 2. FTC 2022 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 560. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18458-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18458-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18457-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-18458-1
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)