Abstract
Artificial intelligence capabilities and machine learning algorithms have been widely used in different applications including financial services. Many financial services such as loan or credit limit approval and credit score estimation rely on automated algorithms to offer efficient and best possible services to customers. However, algorithms suffer from intentional and unintentional biases and produce unfair outcomes. This paper presents a survey of algorithmic biases and fairness in financial services. We study the sources of bias and the different instances of bias existing in the prominent areas of the financial industry. We also discuss on the detection and mitigation techniques that have been proposed, developed and used to enhance transparency and accountability.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Credit score, August 2021
How america banks: Household use of banking and financial services, 2019 fdic survey, December 2021
Minority depository institutions program, December 2021
Akula, R., Garibay, I.: Audit and assurance of AI algorithms: a framework to ensure ethical algorithmic practices in artificial intelligence. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.14046 (2021)
Bakelmun, A., Shoenfeld, S.J.: Open data and racial segregation: mapping the historic imprint of racial covenants and redlining on American cities. In: Hawken, S., Han, H., Pettit, C. (eds.) Open Cities | Open Data, pp. 57–83. Springer, Singapore (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6605-5_3
Federal Reserve Banks. Small business credit survey: 2021 report on employer firms (2021)
Bartlett, R., Morse, A., Stanton, R., Wallace, N.: Consumer-lending discrimination in the era of fintech. Unpublished working paper. University of California, Berkeley (2018)
Bhutta, N., Chang, A.C., Dettling, L.J., et al.: Disparities in wealth by race and ethnicity in the 2019 survey of consumer finances (2020)
Broady, K.E., McComas, M., Ouazad, A.: An analysis of financial institutions in black-majority communities: black borrowers and depositors face considerable challenges in accessing banking services, March 2022
Buckley, R.P., Arner, D.W., Zetzsche, D.A., Selga, E.: The dark side of digital financial transformation: the new risks of fintech and the rise of techrisk. In: UNSW Law Research Paper (19-89) (2019)
Caliskan, A., Bryson, J.J., Narayanan, A.: Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science 356(6334), 183–186 (2017)
Celis, L.E., Huang, L., Keswani, V., Vishnoi, N.K.: Classification with fairness constraints: a meta-algorithm with provable guarantees. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, pp. 319–328 (2019)
Chakraborty, J., Majumder, S., Yu, Z., Menzies, T.: Fairway: a way to build fair ml software. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, pp. 654–665 (2020)
Chawla, N.V., Bowyer, K.W., Hall, L.O., Kegelmeyer, W.P.: Smote: synthetic minority over-sampling technique. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 16, 321–357 (2002)
Federal Trade Commission, et al.: Big data: a tool for inclusion or exclusion? understanding the issues. FTC report (2016)
Demyanyk, Y., Kolliner, D.: Peer-to-peer lending is poised to grow. Economic Trends (2014)
Engel, K.C., McCoy, P.A.: A tale of three markets: the law and economics of predatory lending. Tex. L. Rev. 80, 1255 (2001)
Fairlie, R., Robb, A., Robinson, D.T.: Black and white: access to capital among minority-owned start-ups. Manage. Sci. 68, 2377–2400 (2021)
Friedman, B., Nissenbaum, H.: Bias in computer systems. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (TOIS) 14(3), 330–347 (1996)
Frost, J.: The economic forces driving fintech adoption across countries. The technological Revolution in Financial Services: How Banks, Fintechs, and Customers win Together, pp. 70–89 (2020)
Daniel James Fuchs: The dangers of human-like bias in machine-learning algorithms. Missouri S &T’s Peer Peer 2(1), 1 (2018)
Fuster, A., Plosser, M., Schnabl, P., Vickery, J.: The role of technology in mortgage lending. Rev. Financ. Stud. 32(5), 1854–1899 (2019)
Garg, P., Villasenor, J., Foggo, V.: Fairness metrics: a comparative analysis. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), pp. 3662–3666. IEEE (2020)
Grother, P.J. Ngan,, M.L., Hanaoka, K.K., et al.: Face recognition vendor test part 3: demographic effects (2019)
Hassani, B.K.: Societal bias reinforcement through machine learning: a credit scoring perspective. AI Ethics 1(3), 239–247 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00026-z
Howell, B.: Exploiting race and space: Concentrated subprime lending as housing discrimination. Calif. L. Rev. 94, 101 (2006)
Howell, S.T., Kuchler, T., Snitkof, D., Stroebel, J., Wong, J.: Racial disparities in access to small business credit: Evidence from the paycheck protection program. Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research (2021)
Jagtiani, J., Lemieux, C.: The roles of alternative data and machine learning in fintech lending: evidence from the lendingclub consumer platform. Financ. Manage. 48(4), 1009–1029 (2019)
Johnson, K., Pasquale, F., Chapman, J.: Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and bias in finance: toward responsible innovation. Fordham L. Rev. 88, 499 (2019)
Kallus, N., Mao, X., Zhou, A.: Assessing algorithmic fairness with unobserved protected class using data combination. Manage. Sci. 68(3), 1959–1981 (2022)
Kamiran, F., Calders, T.: Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 33(1), 1–33 (2012)
Kamishima, T., Akaho, S., Asoh, H., Sakuma, J.: Fairness-aware classifier with prejudice remover regularizer. In: Flach, P.A., De Bie, T., Cristianini, N. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2012. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7524, pp. 35–50. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33486-3_3
Kurshan, E., Chen, J., Storchan, V., Shen, H.: On the current and emerging challenges of developing fair and ethical AI solutions in financial services. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.01306 (2021)
Liu, X.M., Murphy, D.: A multi-faceted approach for trustworthy AI in cybersecurity. Journal of Strategic Innovation & Sustainability 15(6), 68–78 (2020)
KPMG LLP. Algorithmic bias and financial services. Technical report (2021)
Mitchell, T.M.: The need for biases in learning generalizations. Department of Computer Science, Laboratory for Computer Science Research \(\ldots \) (1980)
Neal, M., Walsh, J.: The Potential and Limits of Black-Owned Banks. Urban Institute, Washington, DC (2020)
O’neil, C.: Weapons of math destruction: how big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Broadway Books (2016)
Nizan Geslevich Packin: Consumer finance and AI: the death of second opinions? NYUJ Legis. Pub. Pol’y 22, 319 (2019)
Perry, A., Rothwell, J., Harshbarger, D.: Five-star reviews, one-star profits: the devaluation of businesses in black communities. Brookings Institutution (2020)
Petrasic, K., Saul, B., Greig, J., Bornfreund, M., Lamberth, K.: Algorithms and bias: what lenders need to know. White & Case (2017)
Pleiss, G., Raghavan, M., Wu, F., Kleinberg, J., Weinberger, K.Q.: On fairness and calibration. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 30 (2017)
Quillian, L., Lee, J.J., Honoré, B.: Racial discrimination in the us housing and mortgage lending markets: a quantitative review of trends, 1976–2016. Race Soc. Probl. 12(1), 13–28 (2020)
Rawal, A., McCoy, J., Rawat, D., Sadler, B., Amant, R.: Recent advances in trustworthy explainable artificial intelligence: status, challenges and perspectives (2021)
Rea, S.: A survey of fair and responsible machine learning and artificial intelligence: implications of consumer financial services. Available at SSRN 3527034 (2020)
Seamster, L.: Black debt, white debt. Contexts 18(1), 30–35 (2019)
Selbst, A.D., Barocas, S.: The intuitive appeal of explainable machines. SSRN Electron. J. (2018). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3126971
Shoag, D.: The impact of fintech on discrimination in mortgage lending. Available at SSRN 3840529 (2021)
Simonite, T.: When bots teach themselves to cheat. Wired Magazine (Aug. 2018) (2018)
Ramandeep Singh. Gk digest (2015)
Srivastava, B., Rossi, F.: Towards composable bias rating of AI services. In: Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 284–289 (2018)
Zhang, Y., Zhou, L.: Fairness assessment for artificial intelligence in financial industry. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.07211 (2019)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by Mastercard Inc research funds and Intel Corporation research funds at Howard University. However, any opinion, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the funding agencies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bajracharya, A., Khakurel, U., Harvey, B., Rawat, D.B. (2023). Recent Advances in Algorithmic Biases and Fairness in Financial Services: A Survey. In: Arai, K. (eds) Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2022, Volume 1. FTC 2022 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 559. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18461-1_53
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18461-1_53
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18460-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-18461-1
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)