Skip to main content

AP-GCL: Adversarial Perturbation on Graph Contrastive Learning

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Machine Learning for Cyber Security (ML4CS 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13655))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

A serious ecological hazard of illegal transactions (money laundering, financial fraud, etc.) on the Bitcoin trading network. Anti-money laundering and fraud detection are essential instruments to address the problem. However, such datasets are generally extremely unbalanced in terms of positive and negative samples, and most of the data are unlabelled, with the illegal class accounting for just a minimal fraction of the total, which prevents supervised learning from learning a well-represented feature. We propose a self-supervised learning framework based on contrastive learning, in which two different augmented transformations are applied to the original graph data, perturbations are randomly attached to the node features of the upgraded views, and the model parameters and perturbations are updated by gradient descent to maximize the consistency of the single node in different views. The experimental result demonstrates that our model achieves excellent performance in all metrics and is comparable to supervised methods, which verifies the efficiency of the perturbation-based contrastive learning model.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cai, L., et al.: Structural temporal graph neural networks for anomaly detection in dynamic graphs. In: Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, pp. 3747–3756 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chen, T., Kornblith, S., Norouzi, M., Hinton, G.: A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1597–1607. PMLR (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Grover, A., Leskovec, J.: node2vec: scalable feature learning for networks. ACM (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hoffer, E., Ailon, N.: Deep metric learning using triplet network. In: Feragen, A., Pelillo, M., Loog, M. (eds.) SIMBAD 2015. LNCS, vol. 9370, pp. 84–92. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24261-3_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang, Q., He, H., Singh, A., Lim, S.N., Benson, A.R.: Combining label propagation and simple models out-performs graph neural networks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2010.13993 (2020)

  6. Iscen, A., Tolias, G., Avrithis, Y., Chum, O.: Label propagation for deep semi-supervised learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5070–5079 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kipf, T.N., Welling, M.: Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1609.02907 (2016)

  8. Liu, Y., Li, Z., Pan, S., Gong, C., Zhou, C., Karypis, G.: Anomaly detection on attributed networks via contrastive self-supervised learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 33(6), 2378–2392 (2021)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Lorenz, J., Silva, M.I., Aparício, D., Ascensão, J.T., Bizarro, P.: Machine learning methods to detect money laundering in the bitcoin blockchain in the presence of label scarcity. In: Proceedings of the First ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, pp. 1–8 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Melekhov, I., Kannala, J., Rahtu, E.: Siamese network features for image matching. In: 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 378–383. IEEE (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Bus. Rev. 21260 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Noorshams, N., Verma, S., Hofleitner, A.: Ties: temporal interaction embeddings for enhancing social media integrity at facebook. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, pp. 3128–3135 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pareja, A., et al.: Evolvegcn: evolving graph convolutional networks for dynamic graphs. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 5363–5370 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Perozzi, B., Al-Rfou, R., Skiena, S.: Deepwalk: online learning of social representations. ACM (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Velickovic, P., Fedus, W., Hamilton, W.L., Liò, P., Bengio, Y., Hjelm, R.D.: Deep graph infomax. ICLR (Poster) 2(3), 4 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wang, F., Zhang, C.: Label propagation through linear neighborhoods. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 20(1), 55–67 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wang, X., et al.: Apan: asynchronous propagation attention network for real-time temporal graph embedding. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 2628–2638 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wang, Y., Jin, J.: Bag of tricks of semi-supervised classification with graph neural networks. arXiv abs/2103.13355 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Guo, S., Yin, H., Li, C., Chen, H.: Decoupling representation learning and classification for gnn-based anomaly detection. In: Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pp. 1239–1248 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Weber, M., et al.: Anti-money laundering in bitcoin: experimenting with graph convolutional networks for financial forensics. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1908.02591 (2019)

  21. You, Y., Chen, T., Sui, Y., Chen, T., Wang, Z., Shen, Y.: Graph contrastive learning with augmentations. Adv. Neural. Inf. Process. Syst. 33, 5812–5823 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhu, Y., Xu, Y., Yu, F., Liu, Q., Wu, S., Wang, L.: Deep graph contrastive representation learning. In: ICML Workshop on Graph Representation Learning and Beyond (2020). http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04131

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to ZiYu Zheng .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zheng, Z., Chen, H., Peng, K. (2023). AP-GCL: Adversarial Perturbation on Graph Contrastive Learning. In: Xu, Y., Yan, H., Teng, H., Cai, J., Li, J. (eds) Machine Learning for Cyber Security. ML4CS 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13655. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20096-0_47

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20096-0_47

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-20095-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-20096-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics