Abstract
Time-series anomaly detection is a technique for detecting unusual values, changes, or movements in a large amount of data arranged in time-series. It is primarily used in the fields of intrusion detection, medical diagnosis, and industrial defect damage detection and necessary to realize agents that operate intelligently and autonomously, such as changing system behavior based on detected anomalies. SALAD is a real-time time-series anomaly detection method based on deep learning. It is lightweight and determines anomaly detection threshold flexibly; however, experts need to determine an appropriate value for a parameter so that it suits any given recurrent time series, and this inhibits the realization of the agent. In this study, we propose a method to determine automatically the optimal parameter value in SALAD’s prediction model by utilizing XAI. We use SHAP, which provides interpretability to the prediction by the deep learning model. Through evaluation experiment, we demonstrate that our method is effective and provide an example of the use of XAI for time-series anomaly detection.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Schölkopf, B., Platt, J.C., Shawe-Taylor, J.C., Smola, A.J., Williamson, R.C.: Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Comput. 13(7), 1443–1471 (2001)
Hawkins, D.: Identification of outliers. Chapman and hall, London (1980)
Chalapathy, R., Chawla, S.: Deep learning for anomaly detection: a survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.03407 (2019)
Hayes, M.A., Capretz, M.A.M.: Contextual anomaly detection framework for big sensor data. J. Big Data 2(1), 1–22 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-014-0011-y
Lee, M.-C., Lin, J.-C., Gran, E.G.: SALAD: self-adaptive lightweight anomaly detection for real-time recurrent time series. In: Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Computer Society Signature Conference on Computers, Software, and Applications (COMPSAC 2021), pp. 344–349 (2021). arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.09968
Hochenbaum, J., Vallis, O.S., Kejariwal, A.: Automatic anomaly detection in the cloud via statistical learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.07706 (2017)
Pukelsheim, F.: The three sigma rule. Am. Stat. 48(2), 88–91 (1994)
Senin, P., et al.: GrammarViz 3.0: interactive discovery of variable-length time series patterns. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data (TKDD) 12(1), 1–28 (2018)
linkedin/luminol. https://github.com/linkedin/luminol
Laptev, N., Amizadeh, S., Flint, I.: Generic and scalable framework for automated time-series anomaly detection. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD), pp. 1939–1947 (2015)
lavin, A., Ahmad, S.: Evaluating real-time anomaly detection algorithms-the numenta anomaly benchmark. In: 2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA 2015), pp. 38–44 (2015)
Zhang, W., et al.: LSTM-based analysis of industrial IoT equipment. IEEE Access 6, 23551–23560 (2018)
Mudassar, B.A., Ko, J.H., Mukhopadhyay, S.: An unsupervised anomalous event detection frame-work with class aware source separation. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 2671–2675 (2018)
Schmidt-Erfurth, U., Sadeghipour, A., Gerendas, B.S., Waldstein, M., Bogunovic, H.: Artificial intelligence in retina. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 67, 1–29 (2018)
Xu, H., et al.: Unsupervised anomaly detection via variational auto-encoder for seasonal KPIs in web applications. In: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 187–196 (2018)
Le, Q., Namee, B.M., Scanlon, M.: Deep learning at the shallow end: malware classification for non-domain experts. Digit. Investig. 26, S118–S126 (2018)
HaddadPajouh, H., Dehghantanha, A., Khayami, R., Choo, K.-K.R.: A deep recurrent neural network based approach for internet of things malware threat hunting. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 85, 88–96 (2018)
Kanarachos, S., Christopoulos, S.-R.G., Chroneos, A., Fitzpatrick, M.E.: Detecting anomalies in time series data via a deep learning algorithm combining wavelets, neural networks and Hilbert transform. Expert Syst. Appl. 85, 292–304 (2017)
Shipmon, D., Gurevitch, J., Piselli, P.M., Edwards, S.: Time series anomaly detection: detection of anomalous drops with limited features and sparse examples in noisy periodic data. Technical report, Google Inc. (2017). https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.03665
Lee, M.-C., Lin, J.-C., Gran, E.G.: RePAD: real-time proactive anomaly detection for time series. In: Barolli, L., Amato, F., Moscato, F., Enokido, T., Takizawa, M. (eds.) AINA 2020. AISC, vol. 1151, pp. 1291–1302. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44041-1_110
Lee, M-C., Lin, J-C., Gran, E.G.: ReRe: a lightweight real- time ready-to-go anomaly detection approach for time series.: In: Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Computer Society Signature Conference on Computers, Software, and Applications (COMPSAC 2020), pp. 322–327 (2020)
Lee, M.-C., Lin, J.-C., Gran, E.G.: Distributed fine-grained traffic speed prediction for large-scale transportation networks based on automatic LSTM customization and sharing. In: Malawski, M., Rzadca, K. (eds.) Euro-Par 2020. LNCS, vol. 12247, pp. 234–247. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57675-2_15
Ribeiro, M.T., Singh, S., Guestrin, C.: Why should I trust you?: explaining the predictions of any classifier. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD), pp. 1135–1144 (2016)
Lundberg S., Lee, S.-I.: A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In: NIPS 2017: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 4768–4777 (2017)
Friedman, J.H.: Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. Ann. Stat. 29, 1189–1232 (2001)
Goldstein, A., Kapelner, A., Bleich, J., Pitkin, E.: Peeking inside the black box: visualizing statistical learning with plots of individual conditional expectation. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 24(1), 44–65 (2015)
Zhou, B., Khosla, A., Lapedriza, A., Oliva, A., Torralba, A.: Learning deep features for discriminative localization (2016)
Selvaraju, R.R., Cogswell, M., Das, A., Vedantam, R., Parikh, D., Batra, D.: Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 618–626 (2017)
Fisher, A., Rudin, C., Dominici, F.: All models are wrong, but many are useful: learning a variable’s importance by studying an entire class of prediction models simultaneously. arXiv:1801.01489 (2018)
Sundararajan, M., Taly, A., Yan, Q.: Axiomatic attribution for deep networks. In: ICML 2017: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, Vol. 70, pp, 3319–3328 (2017)
Diallo, A.B., Nakagawa, H., Tsuchiya, T.: Adaptation space reduction using an explainable framework. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 45th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), pp. 1653–1660 (2021)
numenta/NAB. https://github.com/numenta/NAB
A tour of AI technologies in time series prediction. https://www.soa.org/resources/research-reports/2019/tourai-technologies/
Farahani, I.V., Chien, A., King, R.E., Kay, M.G., Klenz, B.: Time series anomaly detection from a Markov chain perspective. In: 2019 IEEE 18th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), pp. 1000–1007 (2019)
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Grant Numbers 17KT0043, 20H04167, and 18H03229).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sumita, S., Nakagawa, H., Tsuchiya, T. (2023). Optimal Parameter Selection Using Explainable AI for Time-Series Anomaly Detection. In: Aydoğan, R., Criado, N., Lang, J., Sanchez-Anguix, V., Serramia, M. (eds) PRIMA 2022: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems. PRIMA 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13753. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21203-1_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21203-1_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21202-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21203-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)