Abstract
LegalRuleML is a comprehensive XML-based representation framework for modeling and exchanging normative rules. The TPTP input and output formats, on the other hand, are general-purpose standards for the interaction with automated reasoning systems. In this paper we provide a bridge between the two communities by (i) defining a logic-pluralistic normative reasoning language based on the TPTP format, (ii) providing a translation scheme between relevant fragments of LegalRuleML and this language, and (iii) proposing a flexible architecture for automated normative reasoning based on this translation. We exemplarily instantiate and demonstrate the approach with three different normative logics.
The second author acknowledges financial support from the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) under grant CORE AuReLeE (C20/IS/14616644).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
See https://github.com/leoprover/tptp-utils and its README there.
References
Åqvist, L.: Deontic logic. In: Gabbay, D., Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, pp. 605–714. Springer, Dordrecht (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6259-0_11
Athan, T., Boley, H., Governatori, G., Palmirani, M., Paschke, A., Wyner, A.Z.: OASIS LegalRuleML. In: ICAIL, pp. 3–12. ACM (2013)
Athan, T., Governatori, G., Palmirani, M., Paschke, A., Wyner, A.: LegalRuleML: design principles and foundations. In: Faber, W., Paschke, A. (eds.) Reasoning Web 2015. LNCS, vol. 9203, pp. 151–188. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21768-0_6
Bench-Capon, T.J., Coenen, F.P.: Isomorphism and legal knowledge based systems. Artif. Intell. Law 1(1), 65–86 (1992)
Benzmüller, C.: Universal (meta-)logical reasoning: recent successes. Sci. Comput. Program. 172, 48–62 (2019)
Benzmüller, C., Parent, X., van der Torre, L.W.N.: Designing normative theories for ethical and legal reasoning: LogiKEy framework, methodology, and tool support. Artif. Intell. 287, 103348 (2020)
Blackburn, P., Bos, J.: Representation and Inference for Natural Language - a First Course in Computational Semantics. CSLI Publications, Stanford (2005)
Blackburn, P., Kohlhase, M.: Inference and computational semantics. J. Logic Lang. Inform. 13(2), 117–120 (2004)
Boley, H., Benzmüller, C., Luan, M., Sha, Z.: Translating higher-order modal logic from RuleML to TPTP. In: RuleML (Supplement). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1620. CEUR-WS.org (2016)
Boley, H., Paschke, A., Shafiq, O.: RuleML 1.0: the overarching specification of web rules. In: Dean, M., Hall, J., Rotolo, A., Tabet, S. (eds.) RuleML 2010. LNCS, vol. 6403, pp. 162–178. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16289-3_15
Bunt, H., Muskens, R.: Computational semantics. In: Bunt, H., Muskens, R. (eds.) Computing Meaning, pp. 1–32. Springer, Dordrecht (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4231-1_1
Carmo, J., Jones, A.J.: Deontic logic and contrary-to-duties. In: Gabbay, D.M., Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, pp. 265–343. Springer, Dordrecht (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0387-2_4
Chisholm, R.M.: Contrary-to-duty imperatives and deontic logic. Analysis 24(2), 33–36 (1963)
Gabbay, D., Horty, J., Parent, X., van der Meyden, R., van der Torre, L. (eds.): Handbook of Deontic Logic and Normative Systems. College Publications, Georgia (2013)
Governatori, G., Rotolo, A., Calardo, E.: Possible world semantics for defeasible deontic logic. In: Ågotnes, T., Broersen, J., Elgesem, D. (eds.) DEON 2012. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7393, pp. 46–60. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31570-1_4
Hilpinen, R., McNamara, P.: Deontic logic: a historical survey and introduction. In: Handbook of Deontic Logic and Normative Systems, vol. 1, pp. 3–136 (2013)
Lam, H.-P., Governatori, G.: The making of SPINdle. In: Governatori, G., Hall, J., Paschke, A. (eds.) RuleML 2009. LNCS, vol. 5858, pp. 315–322. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04985-9_29
Lam, H., Hashmi, M.: Enabling reasoning with LegalRuleML. Theory Pract. Log. Program. 19(1), 1–26 (2019)
Liu, Q., Islam, M.B., Governatori, G.: Towards an efficient rule-based framework for legal reasoning. Knowl. Based Syst. 224, 107082 (2021)
Makinson, D., Van Der Torre, L.: Input/output logics. J. Philos. Logic 29(4), 383–408 (2000)
Montague, R.: Universal grammar. Theoria 36(3), 373–398 (1970)
Palmirani, M., Governatori, G.: Modelling legal knowledge for GDPR compliance checking. In: JURIX. FAIA, vol. 313, pp. 101–110. IOS Press (2018)
Prakken, H., Sergot, M.: Dyadic deontic logic and contrary-to-duty obligations. In: Nute, D. (ed.) Defeasible Deontic Logic, pp. 223–262. Springer, Dordrecht (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8851-5_10
Robaldo, L., Bartolini, C., Palmirani, M., Rossi, A., Martoni, M., Lenzini, G.: Formalizing GDPR provisions in reified I/O logic: the DAPRECO knowledge base. J. Log. Lang. Inf. 29(4), 401–449 (2020)
Steen, A.: An extensible logic embedding tool for lightweight non-classical reasoning. In: PAAR@IJCAR. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3201. CEUR-WS.org (2022)
Steen, A., Benzmüller, C.: Extensional higher-order paramodulation in Leo-III. J. Autom. Reason. 65(6), 775–807 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10817-021-09588-x
Steen, A., Fuenmayor, D.: Bridging between LegalRuleML and TPTP for Automated Normative Reasoning (extended version) (2022). https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2209.05090
Steen, A., Fuenmayor, D.: Supplemental data for the present article (2022). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6702576
Steen, A., Fuenmayor, D., Gleißner, T., Sutcliffe, G., Benzmüller, C.: Automated reasoning in non-classical logics in the TPTP world. In: PAAR@IJCAR. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 3201. CEUR-WS.org (2022)
Sutcliffe, G.: The CADE ATP system competition - CASC. AI Mag. 37(2), 99–101 (2016)
Sutcliffe, G.: The TPTP problem library and associated infrastructure. From CNF to TH0, TPTP v6.4.0. J. Autom. Reason. 59(4), 483–502 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Steen, A., Fuenmayor, D. (2022). Bridging Between LegalRuleML and TPTP for Automated Normative Reasoning. In: Governatori, G., Turhan, AY. (eds) Rules and Reasoning. RuleML+RR 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13752. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21541-4_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21541-4_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-21540-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-21541-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)