Abstract
Gender stereotypes in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education and careers are widely present, especially in countries with emerging economies. Making the youth interested in STEM education and careers is an important goal set by the European Commission. Consequently, understanding the obstacles youth face when choosing to study STEM is critical for policy interventions in closing the gender gap in STEM education and careers. To this end, in this paper we report on a study conducted to understand experiences of high-school and university students who study STEM. The results from two future workshops with students and a panel discussion with experts reveals three main challenges: institutional, design, and social challenges. For each challenge, we propose and discuss a respective solution: digital citizenship, universal design, and norm criticism. We conclude the paper with thoughts on the limitations of this study and directions in which this study could develop in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2020. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf
ILOStat. https://ilostat.ilo.org/techs-persistent-gender-gap/
Women in Digital, Scoreboard 2019, European Commission: Sweden. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/women-digital-scoreboard-2019-country-reports
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology & Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Education Statistics in Kosovo 2017/2018. Republic of Kosovo. https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/4146/stat-e-arsimir-2017-2018ang.pdf
Central Europe's great gender opportunity. McKinsey Quarterly. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/europe/central-europes-great-gender-opportunity
European Commission - Horizon 2020. Science education. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/science-education
Kim, A.Y., Sinatra, G.M., Seyranian, V.: Developing a STEM identity among young women: a social identity perspective. Rev. Educ. Res. 88(4), 589–625 (2008)
Women in STEM: A gender gap to innovation. Economics and Statistics. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED523766.pdf
OECD Gender Data portal. https://www.oecd.org/employment/skills-and-work/
Mostafa, T.: Why don’t more girls choose to pursue a science career? PISA in Focus, no.93 (2019)
Stoet, G., Geary, D.C.: The gender-equality paradox in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Psychol. Sci. 29(4), 581–593 (2018)
Jiang, S., Schenke, K., Eccles, J.S., Xu, D., Warschauer, M.: Cross-national comparison of gender differences in the enrollment in and completion of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics massive open online courses. PloS One 13(9), e0202463 (2018)
Deming, D.J., Noray, K.L.: STEM careers and technological change (2018)
Tandrayen-Ragoobur, V., Gokulsing, D.: Gender gap in STEM education and career choices: what matters? J. Appl. Res. High. Educ. 14(3), 1021–1040 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-09-2019-0235
McDaniel, A.: The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in STEM expectations. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 32(1), 122–133 (2016)
Gender gaps in emerging economies: the role of skills. https://oecdskillsandwork.wordpress.com/2016/07/28/gender-gaps-in-emerging-economies-the-role-of-skills/
Knowles, J., Kelley, T., Holland, J.: Increasing teacher awareness of STEM careers. J. STEM Educ. 19(3) (2018). Laboratory for Innovative Technology in Engineering Education (LITEE)
Eccles, J.S., Wigfield, A.: Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53(1), 109–132 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135153
Dweck, C.: Mindsets and math/science achievement. Carnegie Corporation of New York, Institute for Advanced Study, Commission on Mathematics and Science Education, New York (2008)
Jugovic, I.: Students’ gender-related choices and achievement in physics. Center Educ. Pol. Stud. J. 7(2), 71–95 (2017)
Wang, Ming-Te., Degol, J.: Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields. Dev. Rev. 33(4), 304–340 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.001
Appianing, J., Van Eck, R.N.: Development and validation of the value-expectancy STEM assessment scale for students in higher education. Int. J. STEM Educ. 5(1), 1–16 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0121-8
Jungk, R., Müllert, N.: Future workshops: How to Create Desirable Futures. Institute for Social Inventions, London (1987)
Kensing, F., Munk-Madsen, A.: Participatory design: structure in the toolbox. In: PDC, pp. 47–53 (1992)
Vidal, R.V.V.: The future workshop: democratic problem solving. Econ. Anal. Work. Papers, 5(4), 21 (2006)
Perez, C.C.: Invisible women: data bias in a world designed for men. Abrams (2019)
Demukaj, V., Maloku, E., Beqa, A.: Gender stereotypes and educational choices in Kosovo. Center for Social Studies and Sustainable Development LEAP (2019)
Butler, J.: Undoing Gender. Routledge, New York (2004)
Ribble, M.S., Bailey, G.D., Ross, T.W.: Addressing appropriate technology behavior. Learn. Lead. Technol. 32(16), 6–12 (2004)
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C.J., McNeal, R.S.: Digital Citizenship. MIT Press, Cambridge (2008)
Schou, J., Hjelholt, M.: Digital citizenship and neoliberalization: governing digital citizens in Denmark. Citizenship 22(59), 507–522 (2018)
Elovaara, P., Mörtberg, C.: Design of digital democracies: performances of citizenship, gender and IT. Inf. Commun. Soc. 10(3), 404–423 (2007)
von der Malsburg, T., Poppels, T., Levy, R.P.: Implicit gender bias in linguistic descriptions for expected events: the cases of the 2016 United States and 2017 United Kingdom elections. Psychol. Sci. 31(2), 115–128 (2020)
SOU 2004:56, E-tjänster för alla (English: E-services for everyone). http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/02/23/19/95d852b3.pdf
Ribble, M.: Digital citizenship in schools: Nine elements all students should know. International Society for Technology in Education (2015)
Story, M.F.: Principles of universal design. In: Universal Design Handbook (2001)
Costanza-Chock, S.: Design justice: towards an intersectional feminist framework for design theory and practice. In: Proceedings of the Design Research Society (2018)
Van der Velden, M., Mörtberg, C.: Between need and desire: exploring strategies for gendering design. Sci. Technol. Human Values 37(6), 663–683 (2012)
Pisha, B., Coyne, P.: Smart from the start: the promise of universal design for learning. Remedial Special Educ. 22(4), 197–203 (2001)
Bian, L., Leslie, Sarah-Jane., Cimpian, A.: Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests. Science 355(6323), 389–391 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6524
Dator, J.: From future workshops to envisioning alternative futures. Futur. Res. Q. 9(3), 108–112 (1993)
Hajer, M., Versteeg, W.: Imagining the post-fossil city: why is it so difficult to think of new possible worlds? Territory Polit. Gov. 7(2), 122–134 (2019)
Ranković, N., Mece, E.K., Ivanović, M., Stoyanova-Doycheva, A., Savić, M., Ranković, D.: Female students’ attitude towards studying informatics and expectations for future career-Balkan case. In: Proceedings of the 9th Balkan Conference on Informatics (BCI 2019), Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 26–28. ACM (2019)
Putnik, Z., Štajner-Papuga, I., Ivanović, M., Budimac, Z., Zdravkova, K.: Gender related correlations of computer science students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 69, 91–97 (2017)
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank all participants who contributed with their opinions and discussions. Additionally, a special thanks goes to the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) for financially supporting this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ferati, M., Demukaj, V., Kurti, A., Mörtberg, C. (2022). Challenges and Opportunities for Women Studying STEM. In: Zdravkova, K., Basnarkov, L. (eds) ICT Innovations 2022. Reshaping the Future Towards a New Normal. ICT Innovations 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1740. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22792-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22792-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-22791-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-22792-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)