Abstract
Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) is a research in Natural Language Processing that aims to identify whether there is an entailment relation between two texts. Textual Entailment has been studied in a variety of languages, but it is rare for the Indonesian language. The purpose of the work presented in this paper is to conduct the RTE experiment on Indonesian language dataset. Since manual data creation is costly and time consuming, we choose semi-supervised machine learning approach. We apply co-training algorithm to enlarge small amounts of annotated data, called seeds. With this method, the human effort only needed to annotate the seeds. The data resource used is all from Wikipedia and the entailment pairs are extracted from its revision history. Evaluation of 1,857 sentence pairs labelled with entailment information using our approach achieve accuracy 76%.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alabbas, M.: A dataset for Arabic textual entailment. In: RANLP, pp. 7–13 (2013)
Androutsopoulos, I., Malakasiotis, P.: A survey of paraphrasing and textual entailment methods. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 38(1), 135–187 (2010)
Blum, A., Mitchell, T.: Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, pp. 92–100. Madison, WI (1998)
Bos, J., Markert, K.: Recognising textual entailment with logical inference. In: Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (2005)
Bos, J., Zanzotto, F.M., Pennacchiotti, M.: Textual entailment at evalita 2009. In: Proceedings of EVALITA 2009, pp. 1–7 (2009)
Bowman, S.R., Angeli, G., Potts, C., Manning, C.D.: A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics (2015)
Burger, J., Ferro, L.: Generating an entailment corpus from news headlines. In: Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Empirical Modeling of Semantic Equivalence and Entailment. EMSEE 2005, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 49–54. Association for Computational Linguistics (2005)
Clinchant, S., Goutte, C., Gaussier, E.: Lexical entailment for information retrieval. In: Lalmas, M., MacFarlane, A., Rüger, S., Tombros, A., Tsikrika, T., Yavlinsky, A. (eds.) ECIR 2006. LNCS, vol. 3936, pp. 217–228. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11735106_20
Dagan, I., Glickman, O., Magnini, B.: The PASCAL recognising textual entailment challenge. In: Quiñonero-Candela, J., Dagan, I., Magnini, B., d’Alché-Buc, F. (eds.) MLCW 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3944, pp. 177–190. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11736790_9
Ríos Gaona, M.A., Gelbukh, A., Bandyopadhyay, S.: Recognizing textual entailment using a machine learning approach. In: Sidorov, G., Hernández Aguirre, A., Reyes García, C.A. (eds.) MICAI 2010. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 6438, pp. 177–185. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16773-7_15
Giampiccolo, D., Dang, H.T., Magnini, B., Dagan, I., Cabrio, E., Dolan, B.: The fourth PASCAL recognizing textual entailment challenge. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Text Analysis Conference, TAC 2008, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, November 17–19, 2008 (2008)
Giampiccolo, D., Magnini, B., Dagan, I., Dolan, B.: The third pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge. In: Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing. RTE 2007, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 1–9, Association for Computational Linguistics (2007)
Hickl, A., Williams, J., Bensley, J., Roberts, K., Rink, B., Shi, Y.: Recognizing textual entailment with LCC’s groundhog system. In: Proceedings of the Second PASCAL Challenges Workshop, vol. 18 (2006)
Inkpen, D., Kipp, D., Nastase, V.: Machine learning experiments for textual entailment. In: Proceedings of the Second PASCAL Challenges Workshop on Recognizing Textual Entailment, pp. 10–15 (2006)
Kozareva, Z., Montoyo, A.: MLENT: the machine learning entailment system of the university of Alicante. In: Proceedings of the Second PASCAL Challenges Workshop on Recognizing Textual Entailment, pp. 10–15 (2006)
Landis, J., Koch, G.: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159–174 (1977)
Lloret, E., Ferrández, Ó., Muñoz, R., Palomar, M.: A text summarization approach under the influence of textual entailment. In: NLPCS (2008)
Malakasiotis, P., Androutsopoulos, I.: Learning textual entailment using SVMs and string similarity measures. In: Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing. RTE 2007, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 42–47. Association for Computational Linguistics (2007)
Marelli, M., Menini, S., Baroni, M., Bentivogli, L., bernardi, R., Zamparelli, R.: A sick cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2014). European Language Resources Association (ELRA) (2014)
Marzelou, E., Zourari, M., Giouli, V., Piperidis, S.: Building a greek corpus for textual entailment. In: LREC (2008)
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., Dean, J.: Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2013) (2013). http://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781
Negri, M., Kouylekov, M., Magnini, B.: Detecting expected answer relations through textual entailment. In: Gelbukh, A. (ed.) CICLing 2008. LNCS, vol. 4919, pp. 532–543. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78135-6_46
Padó, S., Galley, M., Jurafsky, D., Manning, C.: Robust machine translation evaluation with entailment features. In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 1-Volume 1, pp. 297–305. Association for Computational Linguistics (2009)
Peñas, A., Rodrigo, Á., Verdejo, F.: SPARTE, a test suite for recognising textual entailment in Spanish. In: Gelbukh, A. (ed.) CICLing 2006. LNCS, vol. 3878, pp. 275–286. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11671299_29
Rocktäschel, T., Grefenstette, E., Hermann, K.M., Kociský, T., Blunsom, P.: Reasoning about entailment with neural attention. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2016) (2016). http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06664
Tatu, M., Moldovan, D.: A semantic approach to recognizing textual entailment. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. HLT 2005, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 371–378, Association for Computational Linguistics (2005)
Wang, S., Jiang, J.: Learning natural language inference with LSTM. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, San Diego, California, pp. 1442–1451. Association for Computational Linguistics, June 2016
Zanzotto, F.M., Pennacchiotti, M.: Expanding textual entailment corpora from wikipedia using co-training. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on The People’s Web Meets NLP: Collaboratively Constructed Semantic Resources. Coling 2010 Organizing Committee, Beijing, China, pp. 28–36, August 2010
Zanzotto, F.M., Pennacchiotti, M., Moschitti, A.: A machine learning approach to textual entailment recognition. Nat. Lang. Eng. 15(4), 551–582 (2009)
Zeller, B., Padó, S.: A search task dataset for german textual entailment. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS), pp. 288–299. Potsdam (2013)
Acknowledgement
We thank to Mirna Adriani for input and comments. This research was partially supported by PITTA UI Grant Contract No. 410/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2017. The first author was also partially funded by Bukalapak.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Setya, K.N., Mahendra, R. (2023). Semi-supervised Textual Entailment on Indonesian Wikipedia Data. In: Gelbukh, A. (eds) Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. CICLing 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13396. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23793-5_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23793-5_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23792-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23793-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)