Abstract
Artificial immune-tumor ecosystems can serve as models to explore the complex tumor-host-immune – interactions in silico. This may contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to anti-cancer immune response in patients during anti-cancer therapy. For model development, it is important to identify an appropriate model structure which is suitable to mimic the behavior of real biological systems. In this study, the influence of the number of antigens in an artificial adaptive immune system onto an immune-tumor ecosystem during and after radiation therapy (RT) is investigated. For antigen pattern recognition, a perceptron is used. The simulated scenarios with 4, 9 and 12 antigens exhibit differences in the immune response, but in all cases, perceptron weights for host tissue evolve after RT into negative values, leading to an immune-suppressive effect. This effect results from the evolution of the populations in the ecosystem and the training of the perceptron. In conclusion, the response of the proposed artificial immune system is strongly dependent on the ecosystem dynamics, which seems to be the case for the real biological systems as well.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alfonso, J.C.L., Papaxenopoulou, L.A., Mascheroni, P., Meyer-Hermann, P., Hatzikirou, H.: On the immunological consequences of conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. iScience 23, 100897 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.100897
Di Maggio, F., et al.: Portrait of inflammatory response to ionizing radiation treatment. Journal of Inflammation 12(14), 111 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-015-0058-3
Frey, B., Rückert, M., Deloch, L., Rühle, P.F., Derer, A., Fietkau, R., Gaipl, U.S: Immunomodulation by ionizing radiation-impact for design of radio-immunotherapies and for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunol. Rev. 280(1), 231–248 (2017)
Pienta, K.J., McGregor, N., Axelrod, R., Axelrod, D.E.: Ecological therapy for cancer: defining tumors using an ecosystem paradigm suggests new opportunities for novel cancer treatments. Translational Oncology 1, 158–164 (2008)
Basanta, D., Anderson, A.R.A.: Exploiting ecological principles to better understand cancer progression and treatment. Interface Focus 3, 20130020 (2015)
Merlo, L.M.F., Pepper, J.W., Reid, B.J., Maley, C.C.: Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 924–935 (2006)
Enderling, H., Wolkenhauer, O.: Are all models wrong? Comput Syst Oncol. 1(1), e1008 (2020)
Scheidegger, S., Mikos, A., Fellermann, H.: Modelling artificial immune – tumor ecosystem interaction during radiation therapy using a perceptron – based antigen pattern recognition. ALIFE 2020: The 2020 Conference on Artificial Life July 2020, The MIT Press Journals, pp. 541–548 (2020)
Eftimie, R., Bramson, J.L., Earn, D.J.D.: Interactions between the immune system and cancer: a brief review of non-spatial mathematical models. Bull. Math. Biol. 73(1), 2–32 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-010-9526-3
Rosenblatt, F.: The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review 65(6), 386 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519
Matzinger, P.: The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296(5566), 301–305 (2002)
Scheidegger, S., Lutters, G., Bodis, S.: A LQ-based kinetic model formulation for exploring dynamics of treatment response of tumours in patients. Z. Med. Phys. 21, 164–173 (2011)
Leith, J.T., Padeld, G., Faulkner, L.E., Quinn, P., Michelson, S.: Effects of feeder cells on the x-ray sensitivity of human colon cancer cells. Radiother. Oncol. 21(1), 53–59 (1991)
Van Leeuwen, C.M., et al.: The alpha and beta of tumours: a review of parameters of the linear-quadratic model derived from clinical radiotherapy studies. Radiat. Oncol. 13, 96 (2018)
The Royal College of Radiologists: Radiotherapy dose fractionation, third edition. 2019, The Royal College of Radiologists, 63 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3JW, United Kingdom. https://www.rcr.ac.uk/system/files/publication/field_publication_files/bfco193_radiotherapy_dose_fractionation_third-edition-bladder_0.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2021
Grivennikov, S.I., Greten, F.R., Karin, M.: Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 140, 883–899 (2010)
Formenti, S.C., et al.: Radiotherapy induces responses of lung cancer to CTLA-4 blockade. Nature Medicine 24, 1845–1851 (2018)
Golden, E.B., et al.: An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Res. 1, 365–372 (2013)
Acknowledgements
This project (Hyperboost; www.Hyperboost-h2020.eu) has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 955625.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Scheidegger, S., Barba, S.M., Fellermann, H.M., Gaipl, U. (2022). Influence of the Antigen Pattern Vector on the Dynamics in a Perceptron-Based Artificial Immune - Tumour- Ecosystem During and After Radiation Therapy. In: Schneider, J.J., Weyland, M.S., Flumini, D., Füchslin, R.M. (eds) Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation. WIVACE 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1722. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23929-8_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23929-8_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23928-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23929-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)