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Learnable Masked Tokens for Improved Transferability of Self-supervised Vision Transformers

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Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 13715))

Abstract

Vision transformers have recently shown remarkable performance in various visual recognition tasks specifically for self-supervised representation learning. The key advantage of transformers for self supervised learning, compared to their convolutional counterparts, is the reduced inductive biases that makes transformers amenable to learning rich representations from massive amounts of unlabelled data. On the other hand, this flexibility makes self-supervised vision transformers susceptible to overfitting when fine-tuning them on small labeled target datasets. Therefore, in this work, we make a simple yet effective architectural change by introducing new learnable masked tokens to vision transformers whereby we reduce the effect of overfitting in transfer learning while retaining the desirable flexibility of vision transformers. Through several experiments based on two seminal self-supervised vision transformers, SiT and DINO, and several small target visual recognition tasks, we show consistent and significant improvements in the accuracy of the fine-tuned models across all target tasks.

This work is partially supported by KTH Digital Futures and Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We omit LN and MLP layers in between for convenience.

  2. 2.

    We remove the layer index l, and replace it with the image index k for convenience.

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Acknowledgements

The project was partially funded by KTH Digital Futures and the Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Hao Hu, Federico Baldassarre & Hossein Azizpour

Authors
  1. Hao Hu
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  2. Federico Baldassarre
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  3. Hossein Azizpour
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hao Hu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Grenoble Alpes University, Saint Martin d'Hères, France

    Massih-Reza Amini

  2. INSA Rouen Normandy, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France

    Stéphane Canu

  3. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Asja Fischer

  4. KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Tias Guns

  5. Central European University, Vienna, Austria

    Petra Kralj Novak

  6. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Grigorios Tsoumakas

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Hu, H., Baldassarre, F., Azizpour, H. (2023). Learnable Masked Tokens for Improved Transferability of Self-supervised Vision Transformers. In: Amini, MR., Canu, S., Fischer, A., Guns, T., Kralj Novak, P., Tsoumakas, G. (eds) Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases. ECML PKDD 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13715. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26409-2_25

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26409-2_25

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