Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel model-based coverage path planner for the 3D reconstruction of a target structure with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The proposed method rapidly calculates initial viewpoints considering the ground sampling distance (GSD) by partitioning a structure by height. Then, optimal viewpoints are selected by checking the collision and calculating overlaps and coverage. Next, the newly developed collision-aware Traveling Salesman Problem (CTSP) is used to connect the optimal viewpoints while guaranteeing the shortest distance and obstacle avoidance. Finally, the resulting path is refined as a control-efficient trajectory that considers the dynamics of UAVs. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by experiments on diverse structures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jung, S., et al.: Toward autonomous bridge inspection: a framework and experimental results. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR), pp. 208–211 (2019)
Jung, S., Choi, D., Song, S., Myung, H.: Bridge inspection using unmanned aerial vehicle based on HG-SLAM: hierarchical graph-based SLAM. Remote Sens. 12(18), 3022–3041 (2020)
Lee, E.M., Choi, J., Lim, H., Myung, H.: REAL: rapid exploration with active loop-closing toward large-scale 3D mapping using UAVs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4194–4198 (2021)
Lee, E.C.M., Choi, D., Myung, H.: Peacock exploration: a lightweight exploration for UAV using control-efficient trajectory. In: Chew, E., et al. (eds.) RiTA 2020. LNME, pp. 136–146. Springer, Singapore (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4803-8_16
Lee, S., et al.: TPL: trajectory planner for target tracking in low-light environments. In: Kim, J., et al. (eds.) RiTA 2021. LNNS, vol. 429, pp. 12–23. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97672-9_2
Bircher, A., et al.: Structural inspection path planning via iterative viewpoint resampling with application to aerial robotics. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (2015)
Almadhoun, R., et al.: Coverage path planning with adaptive viewpoint sampling to construct 3D models of complex structures for the purpose of inspection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (2018)
Jung, S., Song, S., Youn, P., Myung, H.: Multi-layer coverage path planner for autonomous structural inspection of high-rise structures. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 208–211 (2018)
Zhou, X., et al.: Offsite aerial path planning for efficient urban scene reconstruction. ACM Trans. Graph. 39(6), 1–16 (2020)
Zhang, H., et al.: Continuous aerial path planning for 3D urban scene reconstruction. ACM Trans. Graph. 40(6), 1–15 (2021)
Schmid, L., et al.: An efficient sampling-based method for online informative path planning in unknown environments. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 5(2), 1500–1507 (2020)
Song, S., Kim, D., J, S.: Active 3D modeling via online multi-view stereo. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 5284–5291 (2020)
Choi, D., Lee, E.M., Myung, H.: Online 3D coverage path planning using surface vector. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR), pp. 392–396 (2021)
Roberts, M., et al.: Submodular trajectory optimization for aerial 3D scanning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 5324–5333 (2017)
Kuang, Q., Wu, J., Pan, J., Zhou, B.: Real-time UAV path planning for autonomous urban scene reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 1156–1162 (2020)
Mellinger, D., Kumar, V.: Minimum snap trajectory generation and control for quadrotors. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 2520–2525 (2011)
Xu, W., et al.: FAST-LIO2: fast direct LiDAR-inertial odometry. IEEE Trans. Robot. 38, 2053–2073 (2022)
Helsgaun, K.: An effective implementation of the Lin-Kernighan traveling salesman heuristic. Europ. J. Oper. Res. 126(1), 106–130 (2000)
Lee, E.M., Seo, D., Jeon, J., Myung, H.: QR-SCAN: traversable region scan for quadruped robot exploration using lightweight precomputed trajectory. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), pp. 957–961 (2021)
Lee, E.M., Jeon, J., Myung, H.: TROT-Q: Traversability and obstacle aware target tracking system for quadruped robots. In: Proceedings of the Asian Control Conference (ASCC) (2011)
Lee, E.M., Myung, H.: Analysis on the performance of VIO according to trajectory planning of UAV. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), pp. 967–971 (2020)
Koenig, N., Andrew, H.: Design and use paradigms for Gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 2149–2154 (2004)
Oleynikova, H., et al.: Voxblox: Incremental 3D euclidean signed distance fields for on-board MAV planning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 1366–1373 (2017)
Acknowledgement
This paper was funded by Korea Electric Power Corporation (Development of Robot System for Patrol and Inspection of Underground Power Transmission Tunnels). The students are supported by BK21 FOUR.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lee, E.M. et al. (2023). CEO-MLCPP: Control-Efficient and Obstacle-Aware Multi-Layer Coverage Path Planner for 3D Reconstruction with UAVs. In: Jo, J., et al. Robot Intelligence Technology and Applications 7. RiTA 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 642. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26889-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26889-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-26888-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-26889-2
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)