Color Image Cryptography Using Block and Pixel-Wise Permutations with 3D Chaotic Diffusion in Metaverse

Abstract

All multimedia data types, including digital images, audio, text, and video, are now freely accessible online due to the phenomenal growth of internet technology solutions and wireless telecommunication systems, including internet and cellular networks. Cryptographic algorithms are needed to provide a certain level of security, dependability, and privacy and to keep sensitive information from being accessed. At the same time, data is being collected and sent. This paper presents a novel and effective system of color image cryptographic algorithms based on image pixel shuffling, which involves repeatedly splitting the image into a predetermined number of blocks and sub-blocks and spinning each clockwise by 90°. By obscuring the statistical makeup of the pixels, two dimensions of Arnold cat mapping were then used to distort further the connection between neighboring pixels in the plaintext image. The image pixels are returned to their original places during the decryption process. The Henon mapping algorithm is employed for image encryption to decrease the correlation between the ciphertext and the plaintext image. The encryption above algorithm was tried and examined on a few color images, and the results demonstrated a sufficient level of security to withstand differential and statistical attacks.