Abstract
Zero-knowledge proofs are widely adopted in Confidential Transactions (CTs). In particular, with these proofs, it is possible to prove the validity of transactions without revealing sensitive information. This has become an attractive property in public blockchain where transactions must be publicly verifiable. However, several challenges must be addressed in order not to alter important properties of the blockchain, such as not introducing trusted third parties and/or circuit-dependent trusted setups. Moreover, there are limited proposals working on the standard account model and considering extended payment models where multiple payees are involved in one transaction. With this paper, we first present our concept of Multi-Transfer (MT) in CTs settings, i.e., a transfer that involves multiple payees in a single transaction with privacy guarantees for balances and transfer amounts. Inspired by the work of Zether, we design the MT zero-knowledge proof system, named MTproof, by combining the aggregate version of Bulletproofs and several \(\Sigma \)-Protocols to prove that an MT transaction is legit. We provide concrete evaluations of the MTproof in terms of proof size, prover and verifier execution time.
This work was supported by HD3FLAB project the Nationally funded by POR MARCHE FESR.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alonso, K.M., et al.: Zero to monero (2020)
arkworks rs. arkworks
Bünz, B., Agrawal, S., Zamani, M., Boneh, D.: Zether: towards privacy in a smart contract world. In: Bonneau, J., Heninger, N. (eds.) FC 2020. LNCS, vol. 12059, pp. 423–443. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_23
Bünz, B., Bootle, J., Boneh, D., Poelstra, A., Wuille, P., Maxwell, G.: Bulletproofs: short proofs for confidential transactions and more. In: 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 315–334. IEEE (2018)
Buterin, V., et al.: A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform
Butler, D., Aspinall, D., Gascón, A.: On the formalisation of \(\sigma \)-protocols and commitment schemes. In: POST, pp. 175–196 (2019)
Chan, W., Olmsted, A.: Ethereum transaction graph analysis. In: 2017 12th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), pp. 498–500. IEEE (2017)
Corradini, F., Mostarda, L., Scala, E.: ZeroMT: multi-transfer protocol for enabling privacy in off-chain payments. In: Barolli, L., Hussain, F., Enokido, T. (eds.) AINA 2022. LNNS, vol. 450, pp. 611–623. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99587-4_52
Diamond, B.E.: Many-out-of-many proofs and applications to anonymous zether. In: 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 1800–1817. IEEE (2021)
EmanueleSc. Zeromt
Fauzi, P., Meiklejohn, S., Mercer, R., Orlandi, C.: Quisquis: a new design for anonymous cryptocurrencies. In: Galbraith, S.D., Moriai, S. (eds.) ASIACRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11921, pp. 649–678. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34578-5_23
Fiat, A., Shamir, A.: How to prove yourself: practical solutions to identification and signature problems. In: Odlyzko, A.M. (ed.) CRYPTO 1986. LNCS, vol. 263, pp. 186–194. Springer, Heidelberg (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47721-7_12
Fleder, M., Kester, M.S., Pillai, S.: Bitcoin transaction graph analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.01657 (2015)
Guan, Z., Wan, Z., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Huang, B.: Blockmaze: an efficient privacy-preserving account-model blockchain based on zk-snarks. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. (2020)
Jivanyan, A.: Lelantus: towards confidentiality and anonymity of blockchain transactions from standard assumptions. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2019, 373 (2019)
Mehmood, N.Q., Culmone, R., Mostarda, L.: Modeling temporal aspects of sensor data for MongoDB NoSQL database. J. Big Data 4(1) (2017)
Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Technical report, Manubot (2019)
Poelstra, A.: Mimblewimble (2016)
Ron, D., Shamir, A.: Quantitative analysis of the full bitcoin transaction graph. In: Sadeghi, A.-R. (ed.) FC 2013. LNCS, vol. 7859, pp. 6–24. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39884-1_2
Rondelet, A., Zajac, M.: Zeth: on integrating zerocash on ethereum. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.00905 (2019)
Russello, G., Mostarda, L., Dulay, N.: A policy-based publish/subscribe middleware for sense-and-react applications. J. Syst. Softw. 84(4), 638–654 (2011)
Sasson, E.B., et al.: Zerocash: decentralized anonymous payments from bitcoin. In: 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 459–474. IEEE (2014)
Vannucchi, C., et al.: Symbolic verification of event–condition–action rules in intelligent environments. J. Reliable Intell. Environ. 3(2), 117–130 (2017)
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge the master student Francesco Pio Stelluti for his contribution to the codebase of MTproof.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Scala, E., Dong, C., Corradini, F., Mostarda, L. (2023). Zero-Knowledge Multi-transfer Based on Range Proofs and Homomorphic Encryption. In: Barolli, L. (eds) Advanced Information Networking and Applications. AINA 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 654. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28451-9_41
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28451-9_41
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28450-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28451-9
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)