Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Designing an Augmented Reality Authoring Tool to Support Complex Tasks. A Design Science Study Using Cognitive Load Theory

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Design Science Research for a New Society: Society 5.0 (DESRIST 2023)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13873))

  • 1127 Accesses

Abstract

Despite the potential of augmented reality (AR) to support and guide complex industrial tasks, the technology is still not broadly applied. One possible reason for this is that the creation of AR content is highly complex and requires programming skills and deep spatial knowledge. AR authoring tools can help address this complexity by enabling non-developers to create self-sufficient AR content. Therefore, this paper proposes a theory-driven design for AR authoring tools that allows non-developers to create self-sufficient AR-based instructions to support complex tasks. Based on ten interviews with experts working with AR authoring tools and a following focus group with eight participants, we propose three design principles for future AR authoring tools in the engineering context. These design principles are instantiated in two prototypes of different richness and evaluated in an experiment with 23 students. Our study shows that the cognitive load is slightly increased when using the extensive AR authoring tool, but it also shows that significantly better results can be achieved with the extensive AR authoring tool. We contribute by providing design principles for AR authoring tools for creating AR-based instructions, which extend the existing AR authoring research in the industrial context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zolnowski, A., Schmitt, A.K., Böhmann, T.: Understanding the impact of remote service technology on service business models in manufacturing: from improving after-sales services to building service ecosystems. In: 19th European Conference on Information Systems (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Morana, S., Schacht, S., Scherp, A., Maedche, A.: A review of the nature and effects of guidance design features. Decis. Support Syst. 97, 31–42 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kaul, M., Storey, V.C., Woo, C.: A framework for managing complexity in information systems. J. Datab. Manag. 28, 31–42 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bräker, J., Osterbrink, A., Semmann, M., Wiesche, M.: User-centered requirements for augmented reality as a cognitive assistant for safety-critical services. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Choi, T.-M., Kumar, S., Yue, X., Chan, H.-L.: Disruptive technologies and operations management in the Industry 4.0 era and beyond. Prod. Oper. Manag. 31, 9–31 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Becker-Kornstaedt, U., et al.: Support for the process engineer: the spearmint approach to software process definition and process guidance. In: 11th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, CAiSE 1999 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Serván, J., Mas, F., Menéndez, J.L., Ríos, J.: Using augmented reality in AIRBUS A400M shop floor assembly work instructions. In: The 4th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference, vol. 1431, pp. 633–640 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Nebeling, M., Speicher, M.: The trouble with augmented reality/virtual reality authoring tools. In: 17th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, pp. 333–337 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Palmarini, R., Erkoyuncu, J.A., Roy, R., Torabmostaedi, H.: A systematic review of augmented reality applications in maintenance. Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manufact. 49, 215–228 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Konopka, B., Hönemann, K., Brandt, P., Wiesche, M.: WizARd: a no-code tool for business process guidance through the use of augmented reality. In: Demonstration & Resources Track, Best BPM Dissertation Award, and Doctoral Consortium at BPM 2022 Co-located with the 20th International Conference on Business Process Management (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gattullo, M., Laviola, E., Uva, A.E.: From therbligs to visual assets: a technique to convey work instructions in augmented reality technical documentation. In: International Joint Conference on Mechanics, Design Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing, pp. 1327–1339 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tang, A., Owen, C., Biocca, F., Mou, W.: Comparative effectiveness of augmented reality in object assembly. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 73–80 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Jasche, F., Hoffmann, S., Ludwig, T., Wulf, V.: Comparison of different types of augmented reality visualizations for instructions. In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kuechler, B., Vaishnavi, V.: On theory development in design science research: anatomy of a research project. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 17, 489–504 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ashtari, N., Bunt, A., McGrenere, J., Nebeling, M., Chilana, P.K.: Creating augmented and virtual reality applications: current practices, challenges, and opportunities. In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  16. MacIntyre, B., Gandy, M., Dow, S., Bolter, J.D.: DART: a toolkit for rapid design exploration of augmented reality experiences. In: 17th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 197–206 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zhu, J., Ong, S.K., Nee, A.: A context-aware augmented reality assisted maintenance system. Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 28, 213–225 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Krings, K., Weber, P., Jasche, F., Ludwig, T.: FADER: an authoring tool for creating augmented reality-based avatars from an end-user perspective. In: Mensch und Computer 2022, pp. 52–65 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Damarowsky, J., Kühnel, S.: Conceptualization and design of a workflow management system front end for augmented reality headsets. In: 30th European Conference on Information Systems (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Porter, M.E., Heppelmann, J.E.: Why every organization needs an augmented reality strategy. Harv. Bus. Rev. 1–13 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Klinker, K., et al.: Structure for innovations: a use case taxonomy for smart glasses in service processes. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik, pp. 1599–1610 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kortekamp, S.S., Werning, S., Ickerott, I., Thomas, O.: The future of digital work - use cases for augmented reality glasses. In: 27th European Conference on Information Systems - Information Systems for a Sharing Society (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chen, H., Chen, C., Sun, G., Wan, B.: Augmented reality tracking registration and process visualization method for large spacecraft cable assembly. In: Augmented reality tracking registration and process visualization method for large spacecraft cable assembly, vol. 612 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63, 81–97 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sweller, J.: Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning. Cognit. Sci. 12, 257–285 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hou, L., Wang, X., Bernold, L., Love, P.E.D.: Using animated augmented reality to cognitively guide assembly. J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 27, 439–451 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gregor, S., Hevner, A.R.: Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact. MIS Q. 37, 337–355 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Azuma, R.T.: The most important challenge facing augmented reality. Pres.: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 25, 234–238 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Peffers, K., Rothenberger, M., Tuunanen, T., Vaezi, R.: Design science research evaluation. In: Peffers, K., Rothenberger, M., Kuechler, B. (eds.) DESRIST 2012. LNCS, vol. 7286, pp. 398–410. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29863-9_29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Hönemann, K., Osterbrink, A., Wiesche, M.: Enabling non-professionals users to bring physical processes into the industrial metaverse. In: 21st Annual Pre-ICIS Workshop on HCI Research in MIS (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lauterbach, J., Mueller, B., Kahrau, F., Maedche, A.: Achieving effective use when digitalizing work: the role of representational complexity. MIS Q. 44, 1023–1048 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. vom Brocke, J., Schmiedel, T., Recker, J., Trkman, P., Mertens, W., Viaene, S.: Ten principles of good business process management. Bus. Process. Manag. J. 20, 530–548 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Azuma, R.T.: A survey of augmented reality. Pres.: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 6, 355–385 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gassen, J.B., Mendling, J., Thom, L.H., de Oliveira, J.P.M.: Towards guiding process modelers depending upon their expertise levels. In: Advanced Information Systems Engineering Workshop (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lavric, T., Bricard, E., Preda, M., Zaharia, T.: A low-cost AR training system for manual assembly operations. Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst. 19, 1047–1073 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Subramani, M., Wagle, M., Ray, G., Gupta, A.: Capability development through just-in-time access to knowledge in document repositories: a longitudinal examination of technical problem solving. MIS Q. 45, 1287–1308 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Dourish, P.: The appropriation of interactive technologies: some lessons from placeless documents. Comput. Support. Coop. Work 12, 465–490 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Lieberman, H., Paternò, F., Klann, M., Wulf, V.: End-user development: an emerging paradigm end user development. Hum.-Comput. Interact. Ser. 9, 1–8 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Klinker, K., Wiesche, M., Krcmar, H.: Digital transformation in health care: augmented reality for hands-free service innovation. Inf. Syst. Front. 22, 1419–1431 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Park, S.-M., Kim, Y.-G.: A Metaverse: taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access 10, 4209–4251 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Hart, S.G., Staveland, L.E.: Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research human mental workload. Adv. Psychol. 52, 139–183 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Zijlstra, F.R.H., van Doorn, L.: The construction of a scale to measure perceived effort (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wixom, B.H., Todd, P.A.: A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. Inf. Syst. Res. 16, 85–102 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Shapiro, S.S., Wilk, M.B.: An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52, 591 (1965)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Levene, H.: Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Olkin, I., Ed., Contributions to Probability and Statistics, pp. 278–292 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., Buchner, A.: G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 39, 175–191 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Cohen, J.: A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155–159 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was sponsored by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research in the project WizARd under the reference 02K18D180. Further information can be found at: https://wizard.tu-dortmund.de/

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

    Kay Hönemann, Björn Konopka & Manuel Wiesche

Authors
  1. Kay Hönemann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Björn Konopka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manuel Wiesche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kay Hönemann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa

    Aurona Gerber

  2. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Richard Baskerville

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Hönemann, K., Konopka, B., Wiesche, M. (2023). Designing an Augmented Reality Authoring Tool to Support Complex Tasks. A Design Science Study Using Cognitive Load Theory. In: Gerber, A., Baskerville, R. (eds) Design Science Research for a New Society: Society 5.0. DESRIST 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13873. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32808-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32808-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-32807-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-32808-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation