Abstract
The integration of renewable energy sources in the electrical grid imposes several operational issues for the energy markets and the transmission system operators, in particular. It is of great importance not only to detect events, but also to react in time to prevent faults in the transmission system that could lead to outages for the consumers or even to permanent damage to the energy equipment. Towards this scope, the criticality of the role of the Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) which provide readings of voltage, frequency and current, is explained in this paper. It is also discussed how the 5G network may assist in the transfer of the measurements with its low latency capabilities and high availability criteria. Based on a Smart5Grid project’s dedicated use case, the concept of 5G enhanced wide area monitoring is presented along with the associated field platform implementations both in Greece and Bulgaria. A complete list of defined Field Platform Validation Metrics is also elaborated with the equivalent targeted values.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
PMU was first invented in Virginia Tech in 1988 to measure phasors of voltage and current, frequency and real/reactive power in real-time. PMUs have been continuously enhanced and are now deployed in substations.
- 2.
The most common task of SCADA is the state estimation of the power grid, which depends on unsynchronized and slow measurements.
References
U.S. Department of Energy: The Smart Grid: An Introduction. U.S. Department of Energy (2008). http://www.oe.energy.gov/1165.htm
Ekram, H., Zhu, H., Poor, V.: Smart Grid Communications and Networking, pp. 1–27. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012). https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/14138/frontmatter/9781107014138_frontmatter.pdf
Refaat, S.S., Ellabban, O., Bayhan, S., Abu-Rub, H., et al.: Smart Grid Architecture View. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken (2021)
Borgaonkar, R., Jaatun, M.G.: 5G as an enabler for secure IoT in the smart grid: invited paper. In: Proceedings of the SA’19 Conference, pp.1–7. IEEE (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/SA47457.2019.8938064
Hui, H., Ding, Y., et al.: 5G Network-based Internet of Things for demand response in smart grid: a survey on application potential. Appl. Energy 257, 113972–113986 (2020)
Ahmadzadeh, S., et al.: A review on communication aspects of demand response management for future 5G IoT-based smart grids. IEEE Access 9, 77555–77571 (2021)
Cosovic, M., Tsitsimelis, A., et al.: 5G mobile cellular networks: enabling distributed state estimation for smart grids. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(10), 62–69 (2017)
Leligou, H.C., Zahariadis, T., et al.: Smart grid: a demanding use case for 5G technologies. In: Proceedings of the PerCom’18 Workshops, pp. 2025–220. IEEE (2018)
Chen, J., Zhu, H., Chen, L., et al.: 5G enabling digital transformation of smart grid: a review of pilot projects and prospect. In: Proceedings of the ICCC’21 Conference Workshops, pp. 353–357. IEEE (2021)
Abrahamsen, F.E., et al.: Communication technologies for smart grid: a comprehensive survey. Sensors (MDPI) 21, 8087 (2021). https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/8087
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency): Global energy transformation: a roadmap to 2050. IRENA (2019). https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP): 3GPP TS 22.261 V17.2.0 (2020–03): Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Service requirements for the 5G system; Stage 1 (Release 17) (2020). https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/22_series/22.261/
Liu, R., Hai, X., Du, S., et al.: Application of 5G network slicing technology in smart grid. In: Proceedings of the ICBAIE’21 Conference, pp. 740–743. IEEE (2021)
Li, W., Liu, R, Dai, Y., Cai, H., Fan, J., Li, Y.: Research on network slicing for smart grid. In: Proceedings of ICEIEC’20 Conference, pp. 107–110. IEEE (2020)
Smart5Grid 5G-PPP/H2020 Project (GA No.101016912). https://smart5grid.eu/
NRG5 Project: Deliverable 1.2: NRG-5 Reference Architecture and Functional Decomposition (2018). http://www.nrg5.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Deliverable-D1.2-compressed.pdf
5G-PPP Software Network Working Group: “NetApp: Opening up 5G and beyond networks – 5G-PPP projects analysis” (White Paper) (2022). https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Software-Network-WG-Network-Applications-2022.pdf
European Telecommunications Standards Institute: ETSI GS NFV 002 V1.2.1 (2014–12): Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Architectural Framework. ETSI (2014). https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV/001_099/002/01.02.01_60/gs_nfv002v010201p.pdf
European Telecommunications Standards Institute: ETSI GR NFV-IFA 029 V3.3.1 (2019-11): Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) Release 3; Architecture; Report on the Enhancements of the NFV architecture towards “Cloud-native” and “PaaS”. ETSI (2019). https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gr/NFV-IFA/001_099/029/03.03.01_60/gr_NFV-IFA029v030301p.pdf
The 5G Public Private Partnership (5G-PPP): Phase 3.6: 5G Innovations and Beyond 5G. https://5g-ppp.eu/5g-ppp-phase-3-6-projects/
European Commission: 5G PPP - 5G innovations for verticals with third party services. https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/topic-details/ict-41-2020
Porcu, D., et al.: 5G communications as “enabler” for smart power grids: the case of the Smart5Grid project. In: Maglogiannis, I., Macintyre, J., Iliadis, L. (eds.) AIAI 2021. IAICT, vol. 628, pp. 7–20. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79157-5_1
Afolabi, I., Taleb, T., Samdanis, K., Ksentini, A., Flinck, H.: Network slicing and softwarization: a survey on principles, enabling technologies, and solutions. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 20(3), 2429–2453 (2018)
Alotaibi, D.: Survey on network slice isolation in 5G networks: fundamental challenges. Procedia Comput. Sci. 182, 38–45 (2021)
Papageorgiou, A., Fernández-Fernández, A., et al.: On 5G network slice modelling: Service resource-, or deployment-driven? Comput. Commun. 149, 232–240 (2020)
Chochliouros, I.P., Spiliopoulou, A.S., Lazaridis, P., Dardamanis, A., Zaharis, Z., Kostopoulos, A.: Dynamic network slicing: challenges and opportunities. In: Maglogiannis, I., Iliadis, L., Pimenidis, E. (eds.) AIAI 2020. AICT, vol. 585, pp. 47–60. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49190-1_5
Porcu, D., Castro, S., Otura, B., Encinar, P., Chochliouros, I., et al.: Demonstration of 5G solutions for smart energy grids of the future: a perspective of the Smart5Grid project. Energies (MDPI) 15(3), 839 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030839
Abdelwahab, S., Hamdaoui, B., Guizani, M., Znati, T.: Network function virtualization in 5G. IEEE Commun. Mag. 54(4), 84–91 (2016)
Smart5Grid project: Deliverable 3.1: Interim Report for the development of the 5G network facilities (2022). https://smart5grid.eu/dissemination-activities/deliverables/
European Telecommunications Standards Institut: ETSI TS 128 533 V15.4.0 (2020–03): 5G; Management and orchestration; Architecture framework (3GPP TS 28.533 version 15.4.0 Release 15). ETSI (2020). https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/128500_128599/128533/15.04.00_60/ts_128533v150400p.pdf
The Third Generation Partnership Project: 3GPP TS 28.530 V17.4.0 (2023-03): Management and orchestration of networks and network slicing; Concepts, use cases and requirements (Release 17)”. 3GPP (2023). https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/28_series/28.530/
Smart5Grid project: Deliverable 2.2.: Overall Architecture Design, Technical Specifications and Technology Enablers (2022). https://smart5grid.eu/dissemination-activities/deliverables/
Appasani, B., Mohanta, D.K.: A review on synchrophasor communication system: communication technologies, standards and applications. Protect. Control Mod. Power Syst. 3(1), 1–17 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-018-0110-4
Zacharia, L., Asprou, M., Kyriakides, E.: Measurement errors and delays on wide area control based on IEEE Std C37.118.1-2011: impact and compensation. IEEE Syst. J. 14(1), 422–432 (2020)
Nuqui, R.F., et al.: Phasor measurement unit placement techniques for complete and incomplete observability. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 20(4), 2381–2388 (2005)
Abdullah Sufyan, M.A.,Zuhaib, M., Rihan, M.: Optimal PMU placement for smart grid: a technical case study. In: Proceedings of the INDICON’20 Conference, pp. 1–7. IEEE (2020)
Sefid, M., Rihan, M.: Optimal PMU placement in smart grid: an updated review. Int. J. Smart Grid Clean Energy 8(1), 59–69 (2019)
Sexauer, J., Javanbakht, P., Mohagheghi, S.: Phasor measurement units for the distribution grid: necessity and benefits. In: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT’13), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2013)
Tlusty, J., et al.: The monitoring of power system events on transmission and distribution level by the use of phasor measurements units (PMU). In: Proceedings of CIRED 2009 Conference - Part 1, pp. 1–4. IET (2009)
Rahman, M.A., et al.: Formal analysis for dependable supervisory control and data acquisition in smart grids. In: Proceedings of the DSN’16 Conference, pp. 263–274. IEEE (2016)
Chaudhuri, N.R.: Wide-area monitoring and control of smart energy cyber-physical systems (CPS). In: Song, H., Shrinivasan, R., Sookoor, T., Jeschke, S. (eds.) Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles and Applications, pp. 155–180. Wiley, Hoboken (2017). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119226444.ch6
Singh, A.K.: Smart grid wide area monitoring, protection and control. Int. J. Comput. Res. 2(7), 553–584 (2012)
Jiaping, L., et al.: Wide-area monitoring protection and control of future power system networks. In: Proceedings of the WARTIA’14 Conference, pp. 903–905. IEEE (2014)
Song, H., Srinivasan, R., Sookoor, T., Jeschke, S.: Wide-area monitoring and control of smart energy cyber-physical systems (CPS). In: Smart Cities: Foundations, Principles, and Applications, pp. 155–180. Wiley, Hoboken (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119226444.ch6
Wache, M., Murray, D.: Application of phasor measurement units in distribution networks. In: Proceedings of CIRED 2013 Conference, pp. 1–4. IET (2013)
Mohanta, D.K., Murthy, C., and Roy, D.S.: A brief review of phasor measurement units as sensors for smart grid. Electr. Power Comp. Syst. 44(4), 411–425 (2016)
Taveras Cruz, A.J., Aybar-Mejía, M., et al.: Implications of 5G technology in the management of power microgrids: a review of the literature. Energies (MDPI) 16(4) (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042020
Hassan, N., Yau, K.-L.A., Wu, C.: Edge computing in 5G: a review. IEEE Access 7, 127276–127289 (2019)
Tzanis, N., et al.: Optimal relocation of virtualized PDC in edge-cloud architectures under dynamic latency conditions. In: Proceedings of ICECET’22 Conference, pp. 1–6. IEEE (2022)
Shafiullah, G.M.,Oo, A.M.T., Shawkat Ali, A.B.M., Wolfs, P.: Smart grid for a sustainable future. Smart Grid Renew. Energy 4(1), 23–34 (2013)
Darah, D.: 5G NSA vs. SA: how does each deployment mode differ? TechTarget (2023). https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/5G-NSA-vs-SA-How-does-each-deployment-mode-differ
International Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems (IEEE C37.118.1-2011). https://standards.ieee.org/standard/C37_118_1-2011.html
5G-PPP: White Paper: Service performance measurement methods over 5G experimental networks (2021). https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Service-performance-measurement-methods-over-5G-experimental-networks_08052021-Final.pdf
Smart5Grid project: Deliverable 2.1: Elaboration of UCs and System Requirements. https://smart5grid.eu/dissemination-activities/deliverables/
Acknowledgments
This work has been performed in the scope of the Smart5Grid European Research Project and has been supported by the Commission of the European Communities /5G-PPP/H2020, Grant Agreement No.101016912.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chochliouros, I.P. et al. (2023). Smart5Grid Testing Strategy & Field Implementations for RT Wide Area Monitoring of Interconnected Systems. In: Maglogiannis, I., Iliadis, L., Papaleonidas, A., Chochliouros, I. (eds) Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations. AIAI 2023 IFIP WG 12.5 International Workshops. AIAI 2023. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 677. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34171-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34171-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-34170-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-34171-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)