Abstract
Makerspaces have been shown to play a significant role in promoting innovation and entrepreneurship by providing users with the tools and resources to produce and create products. Nonetheless, the makerspace movement has been scrutinized for exhibiting severe gender disparity, often causing women to feel excluded from participation. As a result, many women are deprived of the tools and educational opportunities commonly available in a typical makerspace. This study utilizes a qualitative research method to investigate makerspaces located across the United States. The results of our research indicate that some makerspaces do not exhibit the gender bias that is often associated with the movement, and we explore the factors that may be contributing to these makerspaces’ success at gender balance. Our findings reveal that women in leadership, inclusive policies and regulations, women-focused activities, and safe and accessible facilities are instrumental in attracting a more diverse demographic. This study holds the potential to inform the design of innovation spaces that prioritize inclusivity and foster a greater sense of community among makers of all genders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andrews, M., Chatterji, A., Lerner, J., Stern, S.: The Role of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Economic Growth. University of Chicago Press (2022). https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58240
Axup, J., et al.: The world of making. Computer 47(12), 24–40 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2014.373
Bardzell, S.: Feminist HCI: taking stock and outlining an agenda for design. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1301–1310 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753521
Bean, V., Farmer, N.M., Kerr, B.A.: An exploration of women’s engagement in makerspaces. Gifted and Talented Int. 30(1–2), 61–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2015.1137456
Browder, R.E., Aldrich, H.E., Bradley, S.W.: The emergence of the maker movement: implications for entrepreneurship research. J. Bus. Ventur. 34(3), 459–476 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.005
Capel, T., Ploderer, B., Brereton, M.: The wooden quilt: carving out personal narratives in a women-only makerspace. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, pp. 1059–1071 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395562
Capel, T., Ploderer, B., Brereton, M., O’Connor Solly, M.: The making of women: creating trajectories for women’s participation in makerspaces. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW1), pp. 35:1–35:38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3449109
Corsini, L., Dammicco, V., Moultrie, J.: Frugal innovation in a crisis: the digital fabrication maker response to COVID-19. R&D Management 51(2), 195–210 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12446
Dammicco, V.: The emergent process of entrepreneurial innovation: Evidence from Fabrication Spaces, Thesis, University of Cambridge (2022). https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.87836
Diaz, J., TomĂ s, M., Lefebvre, S.: Are public makerspaces a means to empowering citizens? The case of Ateneus de FabricaciĂł in Barcelona. Telematics Inform. 59, 101551 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101551
Dourish, P.: User experience as legitimacy trap. Interactions 26(6), 46–49 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3358908
Eckhardt, J., Kaletka, C., Pelka, B., Unterfrauner, E., Voigt, C., Zirngiebl, M.: Gender in the making: an empirical approach to understand gender relations in the maker movement. Int. J. Hum Comput Stud. 145, 102548 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102548
Farritor, S.: University-based makerspaces: a source of innovation. Technol. Innov. 19(1), 389–395 (2017). https://doi.org/10.21300/19.1.2017.389
Faulkner, S., Mcclard, A.: Making change: can ethnographic research about women makers change the future of computing? Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2014(1), 187–198 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/1559-8918.01026
Feldman, R., Armitage, A., Wang, C.: The Gender Gap in Startup Catalyst Organizations: Bridging the Divide Between Narrative and Reality (2017). https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/22323
Fox, S.: Feminist hackerspaces as sites for feminist design. In: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition, pp. 341–342 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2757226.2764771
Fuchsberger, V., et al.: Making access: increasing inclusiveness in making. In: Extended Abstracts of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3503696
Geser, G., Hollauf, E.-M., Hornung-Prahauser, V., Schon, S.: Makerspaces as Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship Learning Environments: The DOIT Learning Program - ProQuest. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education (2019). https://www.proquest.com/openview/3defa8ee89e6015141144879cbeee52a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026372
Greenberg, D., Calabrese Barton, A., Tan, E., Archer, L.: Redefining entrepreneurialism in the maker movement: a critical youth approach. J. Learn. Sci. 29(4–5), 471–510 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2020.1749633
Guthrie, G.: Where Are the Women in Makerspaces? Make: DIY Projects and Ideas for Makers (2014). https://makezine.com/article/maker-news/where-are-the-women/
Hedditch, S., Vyas, D.: A gendered perspective on making from an autoethnography in makerspaces. Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021, 1887–1901 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462015
Henry, L.: The Rise of Feminist Hackerspaces and How to Make Your Own. Model View Culture (2014). https://modelviewculture.com/pieces/the-rise-of-feminist-hackerspaces-and-how-to-make-your-own
Khanapour, P.R., DesPortes, K., Cochran, Z., DiSalvo, B.: Framing makerspace communities. In: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Creativity and Fabrication in Education, pp. 1–4 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3141798.3141814
Lauren, B.: Power, Access, Status: The Discourse of Race, Gender, and Class in the Maker Movement | Technology & Social Change Group (2015). https://tascha.uw.edu/2015/03/power-access-status-the-discourse-of-race-gender-and-class-in-the-maker-movement/
Maalsen, S., Wolifson, P., Dowling, R.: Gender in the Australian innovation ecosystem: planning smart cities for men. Gend. Place Cult. 30, 1–22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2022.2053068
Maric, J.: The gender-based digital divide in maker culture: features, challenges and possible solutions. J. Innov. Econ. Manage. 27(3), 147–168 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.027.0147
McCabe, L.: Human Values of Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Analysis of the Human Values of Social and Traditional Entrepreneurs. Regent University (2012)
Melo, M.: How Do Makerspaces Communicate Who Belongs? Examining Gender Inclusion through the Analysis of User Journey Maps in a Makerspace. Undefined (2020). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/How-Do-Makerspaces-Communicate-Who-Belongs-Gender-a-Melo/291054affde97ce6125674f5a931bb911915fb90
Menold, J., et al.: BUILDing a community of female makers through hands-on experiences in a university MakerSpace. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) 2019, 1–8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE43999.2019.9028553
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S.C.: Makerspaces and entrepreneurship: the effect of team dynamics and prototyping efficacy on entrepreneurial performance. In: 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON), pp. 1–6 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMSCON.2019.8813727
O’Donovan, C., Smith, A.: Technology and human capabilities in UK makerspaces. J. Hum. Dev. Capabilities 21(1), 63–83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2019.1704706
Ogbonnaya-Ogburu, I.F., Smith, A.D.R., To, A., Toyama, K.: Critical race theory for HCI. In: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376392
Perez, C.C.: Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (First Printing edition). Abrams Press (2019)
Sherrill, J.T.: Gender, technology, and narratives in DIY instructions. In: Proceedings of the 35th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication, pp. 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3121113.3121214
Smit, D., Fuchsberger, V.: Sprinkling diversity: hurdles on the way to inclusiveness in makerspaces. In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society, pp. 1–8. Association for Computing Machinery (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420070
Smolarczyk, K., Kröner, S.: Two decades in the making: a scoping review on research on digital making and its potential for digital empowerment in non-formal settings. J. Res. Technol. Educ. 55, 1–18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1974987
Toupin, S.: Feminist Hackerspaces as Safer Spaces? Feminist Journal of Art and Digital Culture, 27 Hacktivism (2013)
UN Women: UN Women - Economic Empowerment (2022). https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment
Whelan, T.: We are not all makers: the paradox of plurality in the maker movement. In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems, pp. 75–80 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3197391.3205415
World Bank: Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men (2022). https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/01/nearly-2-4-billion-women-globally-don-t-have-same-economic-rights-as-men
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Rahman, M., Best, M.L. (2023). Why are Some Makerspaces not so Male-Dominated. In: Kurosu, M., Hashizume, A. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. HCII 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14014. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35572-1_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35572-1_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-35571-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-35572-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)