Skip to main content

Using PGAN to Create Synthetic Face Images to Reduce Bias in Biometric Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 International Workshops and Challenges (ICPR 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13645))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 271 Accesses

Abstract

This work does not aim to advance the state of the art for face demographic classification systems, but rather to show how synthetic images can help tackle demographic unbalance in training them. The problem of demographic bias in both face recognition and face analysis has often been underlined in recent literature, with controversial experimental results. The outcomes presented here both confirm the advantage of using synthetic face images to add samples to under-represented classes and suggest that the achieved performance increase is proportional to the starting unbalance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://gdpr-info.eu/.

  2. 2.

    https://susanqq.github.io/UTKFace/.

References

  1. Balakrishnan, G., Xiong, Y., Xia, W., Perona, P.: Towards causal benchmarking of biasin face analysis algorithms. In: Ratha, N.K., Patel, V.M., Chellappa, R. (eds.) Deep Learning-Based Face Analytics. ACVPR, pp. 327–359. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74697-1_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. European Commission: High-Level Expert Group on AI. Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI (2019). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai. Accessed 20 July 2023

  3. Cook, C.M., Howard, J.J., Sirotin, Y.B., Tipton, J.L.: Fixed and varying effects of demographic factors on the performance of eleven commercial facial recognition systems. IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci. 40(1), 2 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  4. De Marsico, M., Nappi, M., Riccio, D., Wechsler, H.: Leveraging implicit demographic information for face recognition using a multi-expert system. Multimedia Tools Appl. 76(22), 23383–23411 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Di, X., Patel, V.M.: Multimodal face synthesis from visual attributes. IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci. 3(3), 427–439 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Drozdowski, P., Rathgeb, C., Dantcheva, A., Damer, N., Busch, C.: Demographic bias in biometrics: a survey on an emerging challenge. IEEE Trans. Technol. Soc. 1(2), 89–103 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Garcia, R.V., Wandzik, L., Grabner, L., Krueger, J.: The harms of demographic bias in deep face recognition research. In: 2019 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Goodfellow, I., et al.: Generative adversarial nets. In: Ghahramani, Z., Welling, M., Cortes, C., Lawrence, N., Weinberger, K. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 27. Curran Associates, Inc. (2014). https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2014/file/5ca3e9b122f61f8f06494c97b1afccf3-Paper.pdf

  9. Gulrajani, I., Ahmed, F., Arjovsky, M., Dumoulin, V., Courville, A.C.: Improved training of Wasserstein GANs. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Swersky, K.: Neural Networks for Machine Learning - Lecture 6e - rmsprop: Divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~tijmen/csc321/slides/lecture_slides_lec6.pdf. Accessed 05 June 2022

  11. Howard, J.J., Blanchard, A.J., Sirotin, Y.B., Hasselgren, J.A., Vemury, A.R.: An investigation of high-throughput biometric systems: results of the 2018 department of homeland security biometric technology rally. In: 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), pp. 1–7. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hu, S., et al.: A polarimetric thermal database for face recognition research. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 119–126 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Karras, T., Aila, T., Laine, S., Lehtinen, J.: Progressive growing of GANs for improved quality, stability, and variation. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Klare, B.F., Burge, M.J., Klontz, J.C., Bruegge, R.W.V., Jain, A.K.: Face recognition performance: role of demographic information. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(6), 1789–1801 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Li, S., Yi, D., Lei, Z., Liao, S.: The CASIA NIR-VIS 2.0 face database. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 348–353 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lu, B., Chen, J.C., Castillo, C.D., Chellappa, R.: An experimental evaluation of covariates effects on unconstrained face verification. IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci. 1(1), 42–55 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ngan, M., Grother, P.J., Ngan, M.: Face recognition vendor test (FRVT) performance of automated gender classification algorithms. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Odena, A., Olah, C., Shlens, J.: Conditional image synthesis with auxiliary classifier GANs. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 2642–2651. PMLR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ojala, T., Pietikainen, M., Maenpaa, T.: Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(7), 971–987 (2002)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Perarnau, G., Van De Weijer, J., Raducanu, B., Álvarez, J.M.: Invertible conditional GANs for image editing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.06355 (2016)

  21. Phillips, P.J., Jiang, F., Narvekar, A., Ayyad, J., O’Toole, A.J.: An other-race effect for face recognition algorithms. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. (TAP) 8(2), 1–11 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Phillips, P.J., et al.: FRVT 2006 and ICE 2006 large-scale experimental results. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 32(5), 831–846 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2009.59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Shen, L., Bai, L.: A review on gabor wavelets for face recognition. Pattern Anal. Appl. 9(2), 273–292 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  24. Srinivas, N., Atwal, H., Rose, D.C., Mahalingam, G., Ricanek, K., Bolme, D.S.: Age, gender, and fine-grained ethnicity prediction using convolutional neural networks for the East Asian face dataset. In: 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), pp. 953–960. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wang, Y., Dantcheva, A., Bremond, F.: From attributes to faces: a conditional generative network for face generation. In: 2018 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), pp. 1–5. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yan, X., Yang, J., Sohn, K., Lee, H.: Attribute2Image: conditional image generation from visual attributes. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9908, pp. 776–791. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_47

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, Z., Song, Y., Qi, H.: Age progression/regression by conditional adversarial autoencoder. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5810–5818 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria De Marsico .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bozzitelli, A., Cavasinni di Benedetto, P., De Marsico, M. (2023). Using PGAN to Create Synthetic Face Images to Reduce Bias in Biometric Systems. In: Rousseau, JJ., Kapralos, B. (eds) Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing. ICPR 2022 International Workshops and Challenges. ICPR 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13645. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37731-0_39

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37731-0_39

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-37730-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-37731-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics