Abstract
Essay writing plays a critical role in Chinese language skill teaching. With the smart education becomes a hot topic, the demand for automatic essay scoring (AES) has been emerging among teachers and students. Existing works frequently ignore the impact of the visual modal during the scoring process, such as writing quality in terms of neatness or legibility. This paper addresses the problem with a visual-textual integrating perspective and proposes a deep learning based multi-modal AES. Specifically, implicit alignment algorithm is presented to cohere the distinct visual modal and text modal. Methods are tested on a large-scale dataset consisting of over 4000 essays including HSK publicly available samples. The results show that multi-modal AES reduce the MAE of scoring from 1.13 to 1.06, and the implicit alignment algorithm reduces it further to 1.01.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
BLCU: HSK dynamic essay corpus ver 2.0 (in Chinese). https://hsk.blcu.edu.cn/. (26 Apr 2022)
Che, W., Feng, Y., Qin, L., Liu, T.: N-LTP: An open-source neural language technology platform for Chinese. In: Proceedings of NAACL-SD, pp. 42–49 (2021)
Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, pp. 4171–4186 (2019)
He, J., Zhang, C., Li, X., Zhang, D.: Survey of research on multimodal fusion technology for deep learning (in Chinese). Comput. Eng. 46(5), 1–11 (2020)
Hu, R., Xiao, H.: The construction of Chinese collocation knowledge bases and their application in second language acquisition. In: Applied Linguistics. vol. 1 (2019)
Huang, Z., Xie, J., Xun, E., et al.: Study of feature selection in HSK automated essay scoring. Comput. Eng. Appl. 6, 118–122 (2014)
Huang, Z., Xie, J., Xun, E.: Study of feature selection in HSK automated essay scoring (in Chinese). Comput. Eng. Appl. 6, 118–122 (2014)
Laufer, B., Nation, P.: Vocabulary size and use: lexical richness in L2 written production. Appl. Linguist. 16(3), 307–322 (1995)
Li, G., Duan, N., Fang, Y., Gong, M., Jiang, D.: Unicoder-VL: a universal encoder for vision and language by cross-modal pre-training. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. vol. 34, pp. 11336–11344 (2020)
Li, H., Dai, T.: Explore deep learning for Chinese essay automated scoring. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. vol. 1631, p. 012036. IOP Publishing (2020)
Li, L.H., Yatskar, M., Yin, D., Hsieh, C.J., Chang, K.W.: VisualBERT: A simple and performant baseline for vision and language. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.03557 (2019)
Lonsdale, D., Strong-Krause, D.: Automated rating of ESL essays. In: Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 03 Workshop on Building Educational Applications using Natural Language Processing, pp. 61–67 (2003)
Nadeem, F., Nguyen, H., Liu, Y., Ostendorf, M.: Automated essay scoring with discourse-aware neural models. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Innovative use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pp. 484–493 (2019)
Page, E.B.: The use of the computer in analyzing student essays. Int. Rev. Educ. 14, 210–225 (1968)
Su, T., You, H., Liu, S., Wang, Z.: FPRNet: end-to-end full-page recognition model for handwritten Chinese essay. In: Porwal, U., Fornés, A., Shafait, F. (eds) Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. ICFHR 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. vol 13639. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21648-0_16
Su, W., et al.: VL-BERT: Pre-training of generic visual-linguistic representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08530 (2019)
Tan, H., Bansal, M.: LXMERT: Learning cross-modality encoder representations from transformers. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.07490 (2019)
Tapaswi, M., Bäuml, M., Stiefelhagen, R.: Aligning plot synopses to videos for story-based retrieval. Int. J. Multimedia Inf. Retrieval 4(1), 3–16 (2015)
Tay, Y., Phan, M., Tuan, L.A., Hui, S.C.: SkipFlow: incorporating neural coherence features for end-to-end automatic text scoring. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. vol. 32 (2018)
Van Hout, R., Vermeer, A.: Comparing measures of lexical richness. Model. Assessing Vocabulary Knowl. 93, 115 (2007)
Wang, Y., Hu, R.: A prompt-independent and interpretable automated essay scoring method for Chinese second language writing. In: Li, S. (ed.) CCL 2021. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12869, pp. 450–470. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84186-7_30
Xu, Y., Li, M., Cui, L., Huang, S., Wei, F., Zhou, M.: LayoutLM: pre-training of text and layout for document image understanding. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, pp. 1192–1200 (2020)
Zhang, P., et al.: VSR: a unified framework for document layout analysis combining vision, semantics and relations. In: Lladós, J., Lopresti, D., Uchida, S. (eds.) ICDAR 2021. LNCS, vol. 12821, pp. 115–130. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86549-8_8
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020AAA0108003) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62277011 and 61673140).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Su, T., Wang, J., You, H., Wang, Z. (2023). Multimodal Scoring Model for Handwritten Chinese Essay. In: Fink, G.A., Jain, R., Kise, K., Zanibbi, R. (eds) Document Analysis and Recognition - ICDAR 2023. ICDAR 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14187. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41676-7_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41676-7_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-41675-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-41676-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)