Skip to main content

Defining a Quality Measure Within Crossover: An Electric Bus Scheduling Case Study

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Artificial Evolution (EA 2022)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 14091))

  • 131 Accesses

Abstract

Genetic Algorithm (GA) crossover for permutation type problems is difficult due to the avoidance of vertex or value repetition. As a result extensive research into crossover operators has been undertaken with many variants developed. However, these crossover operators operate in a blind manner relying on the mechanics of survival of the fittest. A possible improvement is to introduce a quality measure into crossover enabling high quality edges to be utilised. This paper presents a crossover operator ER-Q that selects parental edges based upon their quality and applies this to an electric bus scheduling problem. Results demonstrate significant improvements in electric bus scheduling over alternative blind crossover operators. This paper also explores the definition of quality in terms of the electric bus scheduling problem noting that quality is difficult to quantify. A range of quality metrics are presented that can be used with differing effectiveness to optimally schedule electric buses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ahmed, Z.H.: Genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem using sequential constructive crossover operator. Int. J. Biomet. Bioinf. (IJBB) 3(6), 96 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Applegate, D., Cook, W., Rohe, A.: Chained Lin-Kernighan for large traveling salesman problems. INFORMS J. Comput. 15(1), 82–92 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Branke, J., Barz, C., Behrens, I.: Ant-based crossover for permutation problems. In: Cantú-Paz, E., et al. (eds.) GECCO 2003. LNCS, vol. 2723, pp. 754–765. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45105-6_90

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Chitty, D.M.: An ant colony optimisation inspired crossover operator for permutation type problems. In: 2021 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 57–64. IEEE (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chitty, D.M.: A partially asynchronous global parallel genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 1771–1778 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chitty, D.M., Yates, W.B., Keedwell, E.: An edge quality aware crossover operator for application to the capacitated vehicle routing problem. In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion, pp. 419–422 (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Croes, G.A.: A method for solving traveling-salesman problems. Oper. Res. 6(6), 791–812 (1958)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Dantzig, G.B., Ramser, J.H.: The truck dispatching problem. Manage. Sci. 6(1), 80–91 (1959)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Davis, L.: Applying adaptive algorithms to epistatic domains. In: IJCAI, vol. 85, pp. 162–164 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dorigo, M., Gambardella, L.M.: Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1(1), 53–66 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Freisleben, B., Merz, P.: A genetic local search algorithm for solving symmetric and asymmetric traveling salesman problems. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp. 616–621. IEEE (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goldberg, D.E., Lingle, R., et al.: Alleles, loci, and the traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications, vol. 154, pp. 154–159. Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Grefenstette, J.J.: Incorporating Problem-Specific Knowledge into Genetic Algorithms. Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing, pp. 42–57 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Holland, J.H.: Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. U Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1975)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Hu, H., Du, B., Perez, P.: Integrated optimisation of electric bus scheduling and top-up charging at bus stops with fast chargers. In: 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), pp. 2324–2329. IEEE (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Janovec, M., Kohani, M.: Grouping genetic algorithm (GGA) for electric bus fleet scheduling. Transp. Res. Procedia 55, 1304–1311 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kidwai, F.A., Marwah, B.R., Deb, K., Karim, M.R.: A genetic algorithm based bus scheduling model for transit network. In: Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, vol. 5, pp. 477–489. Citeseer (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kkesy, J., Domański, Z.: Edge recombination with edge sensitivity in TSP problem. Sci. Res. Inst. Math. Comput. Sci. 2(1), 55–60 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Nagata, Y.: Edge assembly crossover: a high-power genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1997 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Oliver, I., Smith, D., Holland, J.R.: Study of permutation crossover operators on the traveling salesman problem. In: Genetic algorithms and their applications: proceedings of the second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms: July 28–31, 1987 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlhaum Associates (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Osaba, E., Carballedo, R., Díaz, F., Perallos, A.: Analysis of the suitability of using blind crossover operators in genetic algorithms for solving routing problems. In: 2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI), pp. 17–22. IEEE (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yiu-Cheung Tang, A., Leung, K.-S.: A modified edge recombination operator for the travelling salesman problem. In: Davidor, Y., Schwefel, H.-P., Männer, R. (eds.) PPSN 1994. LNCS, vol. 866, pp. 180–188. Springer, Heidelberg (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58484-6_262

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Ting, C.-K.: Improving edge recombination through alternate inheritance and greedy manner. In: Gottlieb, J., Raidl, G.R. (eds.) EvoCOP 2004. LNCS, vol. 3004, pp. 210–219. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24652-7_21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Tinós, R., Whitley, D., Ochoa, G.: A new generalized partition crossover for the traveling salesman problem: tunneling between local optima. Evol. Comput. 28(2), 255–288 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang, C., Guo, C., Zuo, X.: Solving multi-depot electric vehicle scheduling problem by column generation and genetic algorithm. Appl. Soft Comput. 112, 107774 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Whitley, D., Hains, D., Howe, A.: Tunneling between optima: partition crossover for the traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, pp. 915–922 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Whitley, D., Hains, D., Howe, A.: A hybrid genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem using generalized partition crossover. In: Schaefer, R., Cotta, C., Kołodziej, J., Rudolph, G. (eds.) PPSN 2010. LNCS, vol. 6238, pp. 566–575. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15844-5_57

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Whitley, D.L., Starkweather, T., Fuquay, D.: Scheduling problems and traveling salesmen: the genetic edge recombination operator. In: ICGA, vol. 89, pp. 133–40 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Supported by Innovate UK [grant no. 10007532] and City Science.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Darren M. Chitty .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Chitty, D.M., Keedwell, E. (2023). Defining a Quality Measure Within Crossover: An Electric Bus Scheduling Case Study. In: Legrand, P., et al. Artificial Evolution. EA 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14091. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42616-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42616-2_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-42615-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-42616-2

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics