Abstract
In this paper we present an extension of Belief-Desire-Intention agents which can adapt their performance in response to changes in their environment. We consider situations in which the agent’s actions no longer perform as anticipated. Our agents maintain explicit descriptions of the expected behaviour of their actions, are able to track action performance, learn new action descriptions and patch affected plans at runtime. Our main contributions are the underlying theoretical mechanisms for data collection about action performance, the synthesis of new action descriptions from this data and the integration with plan reconfiguration. The mechanisms are supported by a practical implementation to validate the approach.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
As noted, many BDI formalisms represent plans in a very similar fashion, so although we use a Gwendolen plan as an example here, the technique is general.
- 2.
Code available at https://github.com/mcapl/mcapl/tree/reconfig_eumas.
References
Antzoulatos, N., Castro, E., de Silva, L., Rocha, A.D., Ratchev, S., Barata, J.: A multi-agent framework for capability-based reconfiguration of industrial assembly systems. Int. J. Prod. Res. 55(10), 2950–2960 (2017)
Arora, A., Fiorino, H., Pellier, D., Etivier, M., Pesty, S.: A review of learning planning action models. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 33, e20 (2018)
Bordini, R.H., ubner, J.F.H., Wooldridge, M.: Programming Multi-agent Systems in AgentSpeak Using Jason (2007)
Bordini, R.H., Hübner, J.F.: Semantics for the Jason variant of AgentSpeak (plan failure and some internal actions). In: ECAI, pp. 635–640. IOS Press (2010). https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-606-5-635
Borgo, S., Cesta, A., Orlandini, A., Umbrico, A.: A planning-based architecture for a reconfigurable manufacturing system. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Conference on International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, ICAPS 2016, pp. 358–366. AAAI Press, London (2016)
Bratman, M.E.: Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1987)
Cardoso, R.C., Dennis, L.A., Fisher, M.: Plan library reconfigurability in BDI agents. In: Dennis, L.A., Bordini, R.H., Lespérance, Y. (eds.) EMAS 2019. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 12058, pp. 195–212. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51417-4_10
Chen, I.M., Yang, G., Yeo, S.H.: Automatic modeling for modular reconfigurable robotic systems: theory and practice. In: Cubero, S. (ed.) Industrial Robotics, chap. 2. IntechOpen, Rijeka (2006)
Cirillo, M., Karlsson, L., Saffiotti, A.: Human-aware task-planning: an application to mobile robots. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 1(2), 15 (2010)
Cohen, P.R., Feigenbaum, E.A.: The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence: Volume 3, vol. 3. Butterworth-Heinemann (2014)
Dastani, M.: 2APL: a practical agent programming language. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 16, 214–248 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-008-9036-y
Dastani, M., van Birna Riemsdijk, M., Meyer, J.-J.C.: Programming multi-agent systems in 3APL. In: Bordini, R.H., Dastani, M., Dix, J., El Fallah Seghrouchni, A. (eds.) Multi-Agent Programming. MSASSO, vol. 15, pp. 39–67. Springer, Boston, MA (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26350-0_2
Dennis, L.A.: Gwendolen semantics: 2017. Technical report ULCS-17-001, University of Liverpool, Department of Computer Science (2017)
Dennis, L.A.: The MCAPL framework including the agent infrastructure layer and agent java pathfinder. J. Open Sour. Softw. 3(24), 617 (2018)
Dennis, L.A., Fisher, M., Lincoln, N.K., Lisitsa, A., Veres, S.M.: Practical verification of decision-making in agent-based autonomous systems. Autom. Softw. Eng. 23(3), 305–359 (2016)
Dennis, L.A., Fisher, M., Webster, M.P., Bordini, R.H.: Model checking agent programming languages. Autom. Softw. Eng. 19(1), 5–63 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-011-0088-x
Ferrando, A., Cardoso, R.C.: Safety shields, an automated failure handling mechanism for BDI agents. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS 2022, pp. 1589–1591. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland (2022). www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2022/pdfs/p1589.pdf
Fikes, R.E., Nilsson, N.J.: Strips: a new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving. Artif. Intell. 2(3), 189–208 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0004370271900105
Fisher, M., et al.: An overview of verification and validation challenges for inspection robots. Robotics 10(2) (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10020067, www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/10/2/67
Fox, M., Long, D.: PDDL2.1: an extension to PDDL for expressing temporal planning domains. JAIR 20, 61–124 (2003)
Guerra-Hernández, A., El Fallah-Seghrouchni, A., Soldano, H.: Learning in BDI multi-agent systems. In: Dix, J., Leite, J. (eds.) CLIMA 2004. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3259, pp. 218–233. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30200-1_12
Harland, J., Morley, D.N., Thangarajah, J., Yorke-Smith, N.: An operational semantics for the goal life-cycle in BDI agents. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 28(4), 682–719 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-013-9238-9
Hindriks, K.V.: Programming rational agents in GOAL. In: El Fallah Seghrouchni, A., Dix, J., Dastani, M., Bordini, R.H. (eds.) Multi-Agent Programming, pp. 119–157. Springer, Boston (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89299-3_4
Hindriks, K.V.: Programming cognitive agents in goal (2021)
Luger, G.F.: Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, 6th edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, USA (2008)
Mausam, Weld, D.S.: Planning with durative actions in stochastic domains. JAIR 31, 33–82 (2008)
Menghi, C., Tsigkanos, C., Pelliccione, P., Ghezzi, C., Berger, T.: Specification patterns for robotic missions. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 47(10), 2208–2224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2019.2945329
Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: Modeling agents within a BDI-architecture. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR &R), pp. 473–484. Morgan Kaufmann (1991)
Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: An abstract architecture for rational agents. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR &R), pp. 439–449. Morgan Kaufmann (1992)
Rao, A.S., Georgeff, M.P.: An abstract architecture for rational agents. KR 92, 439–449 (1992)
Sardina, S., Padgham, L.: A BDI agent programming language with failure handling, declarative goals, and planning. Auton. Agent. Multi-Agent Syst. 23(1), 18–70 (2011)
Støy, K., Brandt, D., Christensen, D.J.: Self-reconfigurable Robots. MIT Press, Cambridge (2010)
Stringer, P., Cardoso, R.C., Dixon, C., Dennis, L.A.: Implementing durative actions with failure detection in GWENDOLEN. In: Alechina, N., Baldoni, M., Logan, B. (eds.) EMAS 2021. LNCS, vol. 13190, pp. 332–351. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97457-2_19
Stringer, P., Cardoso, R.C., Huang, X., Dennis, L.A.: Adaptable and verifiable BDI reasoning. In: Cardoso, R.C., Ferrando, A., Briola, D., Menghi, C., Ahlbrecht, T. (eds.) Proceedings of the First Workshop on Agents and Robots for reliable Engineered Autonomy, Virtual event, 4th September 2020. Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 319, pp. 117–125. Open Publishing Association (2020). https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.319.9
Wooldridge, M., Rao, A. (eds.): Foundations of Rational Agency. Applied Logic Series. Kluwer Academic Publishers (1999)
Younes, H.L.A., Simmons, R.G.: Solving generalized semi-Markov decision processes using continuous phase-type distributions. In: Proceedings of the AAAI, pp. 742–747. AAAI Press (2004)
Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by The University of Manchester’s Department of Computer Science and the EPSRC “Robotics and AI for Nuclear” (EP/R026084/1), “Future AI and Robotics for Space” (EP/R026092/1), and Computational Agent Responsibility (EP/W01081X/1) Hubs and the TAS Verifiability Node (EP/V026801). During the course of this work, Michael Fisher was supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Stringer, P., Cardoso, R.C., Dixon, C., Fisher, M., Dennis, L.A. (2023). Adaptive Cognitive Agents: Updating Action Descriptions and Plans. In: Malvone, V., Murano, A. (eds) Multi-Agent Systems. EUMAS 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 14282. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43264-4_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43264-4_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-43263-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-43264-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)