Abstract
In real-time embedded control (RTEC) systems, sensors collect data which is processed and sent to different control nodes. RTEC deployments have numerous applications in diverse verticals like industrial control, healthcare, and vehicular networks. In such cases, a trusted and verifiable control is required, particularly when the data is kept in a distributed manner, and is exchanged over open wireless channels. Thus, blockchain (BC) is a viable option to store the sensor data between RTEC systems, which maintains a trusted ledger of associated operations. Existing works have not focused on the integration of BC in RTEC systems. Motivated by the gap, the paper presents a systematic approach to integrating BC in RTEC ecosystems. We present a reference architecture and discuss the device registration, the hyperledger fabric set up, and the task offloading strategy between edge gateways and cloud nodes, and present the performance analysis of the architecture. The discussion of open issues and challenges also highlights the practical implications of the approach, emphasizing its importance for future deployments of real-time embedded control systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Frikha, T., Chaabane, F., Aouinti, N., Cheikhrouhou, O., Ben Amor, N., Kerrouche, A.: Implementation of blockchain consensus algorithm on embedded architecture. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2021, 1–11 (2021)
Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., Jurdak, R.: Towards an optimized blockchain for IoT. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation, IoTDI 2017, pp. 173–178. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3054977.3055003
Saraswat, D., et al.: Blockchain-based federated learning in UAVs beyond 5G networks: a solution taxonomy and future directions. IEEE Access 10, 33154–33182 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3161132
Verma, A., Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D., Tanwar, S.: NyaYa: blockchain-based electronic law record management scheme for judicial investigations. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. 63, 103025 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2021.103025, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214212621001873
Bhatttacharya, P., Patel, K., Zuhair, M., Trivedi, C.: A lightweight authentication via unclonable functions for industrial internet-of-things. In: 2022 2nd International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management (ICIPTM), vol. 2, pp. 657–662 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIPTM54933.2022.9754198
Trivedi, C., Rao, U.P., Parmar, K., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., Sharma, R.: A transformative shift toward blockchain-based IoT environments: consensus, smart contracts, and future directions. Secur. Priv. e308 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.308, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spy2.308
Verma, A., Bhattacharya, P., Bodkhe, U., Zuhair, M., Dewangan, R.K.: Blockchain-based federated cloud environment: issues and challenges. Blockchain Inf. Secur. Priv. 155–176 (2021)
Esposito, C., De Santis, A., Tortora, G., Chang, H., Choo, K.K.R.: Blockchain: a panacea for healthcare cloud-based data security and privacy? IEEE Cloud Comput. 5(1), 31–37 (2018)
Viriyasitavat, W., Anuphaptrirong, T., Hoonsopon, D.: When blockchain meets internet of things: characteristics, challenges, and business opportunities. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 15, 21–28 (2019)
Tsao, Y.C., Thanh, V.V., Wu, Q.: Sustainable microgrid design considering blockchain technology for real-time price-based demand response programs. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 125, 106418 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106418, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014206152030911X
Yu, Y., Liu, G.P., Xiao, H., Hu, W.: Design of networked secure and real-time control based on blockchain techniques. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 69(4), 4096–4106 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2021.3071705
Pahontu, B., Arsene, D., Predescu, A., Mocanu, M.: Application and challenges of blockchain technology for real-time operation in a water distribution system. In: 2020 24th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC), pp. 739–744 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSTCC50638.2020.9259732
Han, D., Zhu, Y., Li, D., Liang, W., Souri, A., Li, K.C.: A blockchain-based auditable access control system for private data in service-centric IoT environments. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 18(5), 3530–3540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2021.3114621
Pande, A., Zambreno, J.: A chaotic encryption scheme for real-time embedded systems: design and implementation. Telecommun. Syst. 52, 551–561 (2013)
Guo, S., Cao, S., Guo, J.: Study on decentralization of spherical amphibious multi-robot control system based on smart contract and blockchain. J. Bionic Eng. 18(6), 1317–1330 (2021)
Bhattacharya, P., Patel, F., Tanwar, S., Kumar, N., Sharma, R.: MB-MaaS: mobile blockchain-based mining-as-a-service for IIoT environments. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 168, 1–16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2022.05.008, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743731522001228
Chopade, M., Khan, S., Shaikh, U., Pawar, R.: Digital forensics: maintaining chain of custody using blockchain. In: 2019 Third International conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India, pp. 744–747 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/I-SMAC47947.2019.9032693
Saraswat, D., Patel, F., Bhattacharya, P., Verma, A., Tanwar, S., Sharma, R.: UpHaaR: blockchain-based charity donation scheme to handle financial irregularities. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. 68, 103245 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103245, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214212622001144
Shen, J., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Wang, X.: Understanding I/O performance of IPFS storage: a client’s perspective. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Quality of Service, IWQoS 2019. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3326285.3329052
Lin, W., Yin, X., Wang, S., Khosravi, M.R.: A blockchain-enabled decentralized settlement model for IoT data exchange services. Wirel. Netw. 1–15 (2020)
Darbandi, M., Al-Khafaji, H.M.R., Hosseini Nasab, S.H., AlHamad, A.Q.M., Ergashevich, B.Z., Jafari Navimipour, N.: Blockchain systems in embedded internet of things: systematic literature review, challenges analysis, and future direction suggestions. Electronics 11(23) (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11234020, https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/23/4020
Volety, T., Saini, S., McGhin, T., Liu, C.Z., Choo, K.K.R.: Cracking bitcoin wallets: i want what you have in the wallets. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 91, 136–143 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.08.029, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X18302929
Kumar, R., Kumar, P., Tripathi, R., Gupta, G.P., Islam, A.N., Shorfuzzaman, M.: Permissioned blockchain and deep learning for secure and efficient data sharing in industrial healthcare systems. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 18(11), 8065–8073 (2022)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, S., Datt, R., Verma, A., Dutta, P.K. (2023). A Permissioned Blockchain Approach for Real-Time Embedded Control Systems. In: Kadry, S., Prasath, R. (eds) Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration. MIKE 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 13924. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44084-7_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44084-7_32
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-44083-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-44084-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)