Abstract
With the increasing adoption of online learning, decreasing student engagement is becoming rampant. Detecting this is the first step in making online education more viable and effective. We present MuOE, a Multi-task Ordinality-aware Engagement detection model to identify attention levels from students’ webcam videos. MuOE uses a transformer with exceptional sequence-processing capability and a novel selector-based attention mechanism that picks important video frames. Facial cue detection is used as an auxillary task in our multi-task formulation of the problem, so the shared model base has more supervision. We leverage the ordinal nature of engagement levels by introducing a smooth loss function that penalizes predictions based on closeness to the true label. In this paper, we motivate each component of MuOE, and demonstrate its utility through a set of quantative experiments. We achieve a state-of-the-art accuracy of 57.65% (Top-2 accuracy 95.07%) on the DAiSEE dataset.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
We refrain from including Facial Action Units to avoid information leaking to the auxiliary task of predicting regressive action units.
References
Abedi, A., Khan, S.S.: Improving state-of-the-art in detecting student engagement with ResNet and TCN hybrid network. In: 2021 18th Conference on Robots and Vision (2021)
Baltrusaitis, T., Zadeh, A., Lim, Y.C., Morency, L.P.: Openface 2.0: facial behavior analysis toolkit. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 59–66. IEEE (2018)
Cao, Q., Shen, L., Xie, W., Parkhi, O.M., Zisserman, A.: Vggface2: a dataset for recognising faces across pose and age. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 67–74. IEEE (2018)
Collobert, R., Weston, J.: A unified architecture for natural language processing: deep neural networks with multitask learning. In: 25th ICML, pp. 160–167 (2008)
Dhall, A., Sharma, G., Goecke, R., Gedeon, T.: Emotiw 2020: driver gaze, group emotion, student engagement and physiological signal based challenges. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (2020)
Donahue, J., et al.: Long-term recurrent convolutional networks for visual recognition and description. In: IEEE CVPR (2015)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Facial action coding system. Environ. Psychol. Nonverbal Behav. (1978)
Fu, H., Gong, M., Wang, C., Batmanghelich, K., Tao, D.: Deep ordinal regression network for monocular depth estimation. In: IEEE CVPR (2018)
Gupta, A., Jaiswal, R., Adhikari, S., Balasubramanian, V.: DAISEE: dataset for affective states in e-learning environments. CoRR abs/1609.01885 (2016)
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Khedher, A.B., Jraidi, I., Frasson, C., et al.: Tracking students’ mental engagement using EEG signals during an interaction with a virtual learning environment. J. Intell. Learn. Syst. Appl. 11(01), 1–14 (2019)
Liao, J., Liang, Y., Pan, J.: Deep facial spatiotemporal network for engagement prediction in online learning. Appl. Intell. 51(10), 6609–6621 (2021)
Mao, C., et al.: Multitask learning strengthens adversarial robustness. In: Vedaldi, A., Bischof, H., Brox, T., Frahm, J.-M. (eds.) ECCV 2020. LNCS, vol. 12347, pp. 158–174. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58536-5_10
Rothkrantz, L.: Dropout rates of regular courses and MOOCs. In: Costagliola, G., Uhomoibhi, J., Zvacek, S., McLaren, B.M. (eds.) CSEDU 2016. CCIS, vol. 739, pp. 25–46. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63184-4_3
Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014)
Sun, B.Y., Li, J., Wu, D.D., Zhang, X.M., Li, W.B.: Kernel discriminant learning for ordinal regression. IEEE Trans. KDE 22(6), 906–910 (2009)
Tran, D., Bourdev, L., Fergus, R., Torresani, L., Paluri, M.: Learning spatiotemporal features with 3d convolutional networks. In: IEEE ICCV (2015)
Vaswani, A., et al.: Attention is all you need. In: Advances in NIPS, vol. 30 (2017)
Wen, Y., Zhang, K., Li, Z., Qiao, Yu.: A discriminative feature learning approach for deep face recognition. In: Leibe, B., Matas, J., Sebe, N., Welling, M. (eds.) ECCV 2016. LNCS, vol. 9911, pp. 499–515. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46478-7_31
Whitehill, J., Serpell, Z., Lin, Y.C., Foster, A., Movellan, J.R.: The faces of engagement: automatic recognition of student engagement from facial expressions. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 5(1), 86–98 (2014)
Zhang, H., Xiao, X., Huang, T., Liu, S., Xia, Y., Li, J.: An novel end-to-end network for automatic student engagement recognition. In: 2019 IEEE 9th International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC) (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gandhi, S., Fadia, A., Agrawal, R., Agrawal, S., Kumar, P. (2023). MuOE: A Multi-task Ordinality Aware Approach Towards Engagement Detection. In: Maji, P., Huang, T., Pal, N.R., Chaudhury, S., De, R.K. (eds) Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence. PReMI 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14301. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45170-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45170-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45169-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-45170-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)