Abstract
Learning an automaton that approximates the behavior of a black-box system is a long-studied problem. Besides its theoretical significance, its application to search-based testing and model understanding is recently recognized. We present an algorithm to learn a nonlinear hybrid automaton (HA) that approximates a black-box hybrid system (HS) from a set of input–output traces generated by the HS. Our method is novel in handling (1) both exogenous and endogenous HS and (2) HA with reset associated with each transition. To our knowledge, ours is the first method that achieves both features. We applied our algorithm to various benchmarks and confirmed its effectiveness.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Notice that, as mentioned above, we only consider the points within a segment that satisfy \(rd( fwd _i, bwd _i) \le \varepsilon _{\textrm{FwdBwd}}\).
References
MathWorks: Engine Timing Model with Closed Loop Control. https://in.mathworks.com/help/simulink/slref/engine-timing-model-with-closed-loop-control.html. Accessed 29 Dec 2022
MathWorks: Simulation of Bouncing Ball. https://in.mathworks.com/help/simulink/slref/simulation-of-a-bouncing-ball.html. Accessed 29 Dec 2022
Alur, R., et al.: The algorithmic analysis of hybrid systems. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 138(1), 3–34 (1995)
Bellman, R., Kalaba, R.: On adaptive control processes. IRE Trans. Autom. Control. 4(2), 1–9 (1959)
Bortolussi, L., Policriti, A.: Hybrid systems and biology. In: Bernardo, M., Degano, P., Zavattaro, G. (eds.) SFM 2008. LNCS, vol. 5016, pp. 424–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68894-5_12
Butcher, J.C.: Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations. Wiley, Hoboken (2016)
Filippidis, I., Dathathri, S., Livingston, S.C., Ozay, N., Murray, R.M.: Control design for hybrid systems with tulip: the temporal logic planning toolbox. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/cca.2016.7587949
Frehse, G., et al.: SpaceEx: scalable verification of hybrid systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV 2011. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 379–395. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_30, http://spaceex.imag.fr
Garulli, A., Paoletti, S., Vicino, A.: A survey on switched and piecewise affine system identification. IFAC Proc. Vol. 45(16), 344–355 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3182/20120711-3-be-2027.00332
Grosu, R., Mitra, S., Ye, P., Entcheva, E., Ramakrishnan, I.V., Smolka, S.A.: Learning cycle-linear hybrid automata for excitable cells. In: Bemporad, A., Bicchi, A., Buttazzo, G. (eds.) HSCC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4416, pp. 245–258. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71493-4_21
Hiskens, I.A.: Stability of limit cycles in hybrid systems. In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 6–pp. IEEE (2001)
Jin, X., An, J., Zhan, B., Zhan, N., Zhang, M.: Inferring switched nonlinear dynamical systems. Formal Aspects Comput. 33(3), 385–406 (2021)
Keller, R.T., Du, Q.: Discovery of dynamics using linear multistep methods. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 59(1), 429–455 (2021)
Lygeros, J., Tomlin, C., Sastry, S.: Hybrid systems: modeling, analysis and control. Electronic Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Technical report. UCB/ERL M, vol. 99, p. 6 (2008)
Peled, D.A., Vardi, M.Y., Yannakakis, M.: Black box checking. In: Wu, J., Chanson, S.T., Gao, Q. (eds.) Formal Methods for Protocol Engineering and Distributed Systems, FORTE XII/PSTV XIX 1999, IFIP TC6 WG6.1 Joint International Conference on Formal Description Techniques for Distributed Systems and Communication Protocols (FORTE XII) and Protocol Specification, Testing and Verification (PSTV XIX), 5–8 October 1999, Beijing, China. IFIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 156, pp. 225–240. Kluwer (1999)
Saberi, I., Faghih, F., Bavil, F.S.: A passive online technique for learning hybrid automata from input/output traces. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 22(1), 1–24 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3556543
Saoud, A., Jagtap, P., Zamani, M., Girard, A.: Compositional abstraction-based synthesis for cascade discrete-time control systems. In: Abate, A., Girard, A., Heemels, M. (eds.) 6th IFAC Conference on Analysis and Design of Hybrid Systems, ADHS 2018, Oxford, UK, 11–13 July 2018. IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 51, pp. 13–18. Elsevier (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.003
Senin, P.: Dynamic time warping algorithm review. Inf. Comput. Sci. Dept. Univ. Hawaii Manoa Honolulu USA 855(1–23), 40 (2008)
Shijubo, J., Waga, M., Suenaga, K.: Efficient black-box checking via model checking with strengthened specifications. In: Feng, L., Fisman, D. (eds.) RV 2021. LNCS, vol. 12974, pp. 100–120. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88494-9_6
Soto, M.G., Henzinger, T.A., Schilling, C.: Synthesis of hybrid automata with affine dynamics from time-series data. In: Bogomolov, S., Jungers, R.M. (eds.) HSCC 2021: 24th ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, Nashville, Tennessee, 19–21 May 2021, pp. 2:1–2:11. ACM (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3447928.3456704
Soto, M.G., Henzinger, T.A., Schilling, C.: Synthesis of parametric hybrid automata from time series. In: Bouajjani, A., Holík, L., Wu, Z. (eds.) ATVA 2022. LNCS, vol. 13505, pp. 337–353. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19992-9_22
García Soto, M., Henzinger, T.A., Schilling, C., Zeleznik, L.: Membership-based synthesis of linear hybrid automata. In: Dillig, I., Tasiran, S. (eds.) CAV 2019. LNCS, vol. 11561, pp. 297–314. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25540-4_16
Süli, E., Mayers, D.F.: An Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003)
Waga, M.: Falsification of cyber-physical systems with robustness-guided black-box checking. In: Ames, A.D., Seshia, S.A., Deshmukh, J. (eds.) HSCC 2020: 23rd ACM International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 21–24 April 2020, pp. 11:1–11:13. ACM (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3365365.3382193
Waga, M., André, E., Hasuo, I.: Model-bounded monitoring of hybrid systems. ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst. 6(4), 1–26 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3529095
Yang, X., Beg, O.A., Kenigsberg, M., Johnson, T.T.: A framework for identification and validation of affine hybrid automata from input-output traces. ACM Trans. Cyber Phys. Syst. 6(2), 13:1–13:24 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3470455
Ye, P., Entcheva, E., Grosu, R., Smolka, S.A.: Efficient modeling of excitable cells using hybrid automata. In: Proceedings of CMSB, vol. 5, pp. 216–227 (2005)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This work was partially supported by JST CREST Grant No. JPMJCR2012, JST PRESTO Grant No. JPMJPR22CA, JST ACT-X Grant No. JPMJAX200U, and JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 22K17873 & 19H04084.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Gurung, A., Waga, M., Suenaga, K. (2023). Learning Nonlinear Hybrid Automata from Input–Output Time-Series Data. In: André, É., Sun, J. (eds) Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis. ATVA 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14215. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45329-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45329-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45328-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-45329-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)