Skip to main content

On the Different Concepts and Taxonomies of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Intelligent Systems and Pattern Recognition (ISPR 2023)

Abstract

Presently, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen a significant shift in focus towards the design and development of interpretable or explainable intelligent systems. This shift was boosted by the fact that AI and especially the Machine Learning (ML) field models are, currently, more complex to understand due to the large amount of the treated data. However, the interchangeable misuse of XAI concepts mainly “interpretability” and “explainability” was a hindrance to the establishment of common grounds for them. Hence, given the importance of this domain, we present an overview on XAI, in this paper, in which we focus on clarifying its misused concepts. We also present the interpretability levels, some taxonomies of the literature on XAI techniques as well as some recent XAI applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adadi, A., Berrada, M.: Peeking inside the black-box: a survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). IEEE Access 6, 52138–52160 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Arrieta, A.B., et al.: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Inf. Fusion 58, 82–115 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bennetot, A., Laurent, J.L., Chatila, R., Díaz-Rodríguez, N.: Towards explainable neural-symbolic visual reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.09065 (2019)

  4. Burkart, N., Huber, M.F.: A survey on the explainability of supervised machine learning. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 70, 245–317 (2021)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Caruana, R., Lou, Y., Gehrke, J., Koch, P., Sturm, M., Elhadad, N.: Intelligible models for healthcare: predicting pneumonia risk and hospital 30-day readmission. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 1721–1730 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Carvalho, D.V., Pereira, E.M., Cardoso, J.S.: Machine learning interpretability: a survey on methods and metrics. Electronics 8(8), 832 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Doran, D., Schulz, S., Besold, T.R.: What does explainable AI really mean? A new conceptualization of perspectives. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.00794 (2017)

  8. Doshi-Velez, F., Kim, B.: Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08608 (2017)

  9. Došilović, F.K., Brčić, M., Hlupić, N.: Explainable artificial intelligence: a survey. In: 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), pp. 0210–0215. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Edwards, L., Veale, M.: Slave to the algorithm: why a right to an explanation is probably not the remedy you are looking for. Duke L. Tech. Rev. 16, 18 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Freitas, A.A.: Comprehensible classification models: a position paper. ACM SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 15(1), 1–10 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gilpin, L.H., Bau, D., Yuan, B.Z., Bajwa, A., Specter, M., Kagal, L.: Explaining explanations: an overview of interpretability of machine learning. In: 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA), pp. 80–89. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gunning, D.: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), nd Web 2(2), 1 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gunning, D., Stefik, M., Choi, J., Miller, T., Stumpf, S., Yang, G.Z.: XAI-Explainable artificial intelligence. Sci. Robotics 4(37), eaay7120 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Honegger, M.: Shedding light on black box machine learning algorithms: development of an axiomatic framework to assess the quality of methods that explain individual predictions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.05054 (2018)

  16. Keane, M.T., Kenny, E.M.: The twin-system approach as one generic solution for XAI: an overview of ANN-CBR twins for explaining deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.08069 (2019)

  17. Kim, B., Khanna, R., Koyejo, O.O.: Examples are not enough, learn to criticize! criticism for interpretability. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Laios, A., et al.: Factors predicting surgical effort using explainable artificial intelligence in advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancers 14(14), 3447 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Linardatos, P., Papastefanopoulos, V., Kotsiantis, S.: Explainable AI: a review of machine learning interpretability methods. Entropy 23(1), 18 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lipton, Z.C.: The mythos of model interpretability: in machine learning, the concept of interpretability is both important and slippery. Queue 16(3), 31–57 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lou, Y., Caruana, R., Gehrke, J.: Intelligible models for classification and regression. In: Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 150–158 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Marcinkevičs, R., Vogt, J.E.: Interpretability and explainability: a machine learning zoo mini-tour. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.01805 (2020)

  23. Miller, T.: Explanation in artificial intelligence: insights from the social sciences. Artif. Intell. 267, 1–38 (2019)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Molnar, C.: Interpretable machine learning. Lulu.com (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Papernot, N., McDaniel, P.: Deep k-nearest neighbors: towards confident, interpretable and robust deep learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.04765 (2018)

  26. Rajurkar, S., Verma, N.K.: Developing deep fuzzy network with takagi sugeno fuzzy inference system. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rudin, C.: Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead. Nat. Mach. Intell. 1(5), 206–215 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rüping, S., et al.: Learning interpretable models (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Van Lent, M., Fisher, W., Mancuso, M.: An explainable artificial intelligence system for small-unit tactical behavior. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 900–907. Menlo Park, CA; Cambridge, MA; London; AAAI Press; MIT Press; 1999 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zhu, J., Liapis, A., Risi, S., Bidarra, R., Youngblood, G.M.: Explainable AI for designers: a human-centered perspective on mixed-initiative co-creation. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2018)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research work was supported and funded by Data4Transport, a Tunisian-South Korean research project. The authors would like to thank all personnel involved in this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arwa Kochkach .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Kochkach, A., Kacem, S.B., Elkosantini, S., Lee, S.M., Suh, W. (2024). On the Different Concepts and Taxonomies of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence. In: Bennour, A., Bouridane, A., Chaari, L. (eds) Intelligent Systems and Pattern Recognition. ISPR 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1941. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46338-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46338-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-46337-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-46338-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics