Abstract
Image-level regression is an important task in Earth observation, where visual domain and label shifts are a core challenge hampering generalization. However, cross-domain regression within remote sensing data remains understudied due to the absence of suited datasets. We introduce a new dataset with aerial and satellite imagery in five countries with three forest-related regression tasks (Dataset and code available here: dgominski.github.io/drift/). To match real-world applicative interests, we compare methods through a restrictive setup where no prior on the target domain is available during training, and models are adapted with limited information during testing. Building on the assumption that ordered relationships generalize better, we propose manifold diffusion for regression as a strong baseline for transduction in low-data regimes. Our comparison highlights the comparative advantages of inductive and transductive methods in cross-domain regression.
S. Li and D. Gominski—Equal contribution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Trees outside forests - towards a better awareness. https://www.fao.org/3/y2328e/y2328e25.htm
Akiva, P., Purri, M., Leotta, M.: Self-supervised material and texture representation learning for remote sensing tasks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 8203–8215 (2022)
Beery, S., Van Horn, G., Perona, P.: Recognition in terra incognita. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp. 472–489 (2018)
Beery, S., et al.: The auto arborist dataset: a large-scale benchmark for multiview urban forest monitoring under domain shift. In: 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 21262–21275 (2022)
Brandt, M., et al.: An unexpectedly large count of trees in the west African Sahara and Sahel. Nature 587(7832), 78–82 (2020)
Burgert, T., Ravanbakhsh, M., Demir, B.: On the effects of different types of label noise in multi-label remote sensing image classification. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. (2022)
Chen, G., Shang, Y.: Transformer for tree counting in aerial images. Remote Sens. 14(3), 476 (2022)
Chen, X., Wang, S., Wang, J., Long, M.: Representation subspace distance for domain adaptation regression. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 1749–1759 (2021)
Deng, S., Katoh, M., Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Gao, T.: Comparison of tree species classifications at the individual tree level by combining ALS data and RGB images using different algorithms. Remote Sens. 8(12), 1034 (2016)
Donoser, M., Bischof, H.: Diffusion processes for retrieval revisited. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1320–1327 (2013)
Dosovitskiy, A., et al.: An image is worth 16\(\times \)16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2021)
DrivenData: The BioMassters. https://www.drivendata.org/competitions/99/biomass-estimation/page/534/
Fayad, I., et al.: Hy-TeC: a hybrid vision transformer model for high-resolution and large-scale mapping of canopy height. Remote Sens. Environ. 302, 113945 (2024)
Finn, C., Abbeel, P., Levine, S.: Model-agnostic meta-learning for fast adaptation of deep networks. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, vol. 70, pp. 1126–1135. PMLR (2017)
Girard, N., Charpiat, G., Tarabalka, Y.: Noisy supervision for correcting misaligned cadaster maps without perfect ground truth data. In: 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp. 10103–10106 (2019)
Iscen, A., Tolias, G., Avrithis, Y., Chum, O.: Label propagation for deep semi-supervised learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)
Iscen, A., Tolias, G., Avrithis, Y., Furon, T., Chum, O.: Efficient diffusion on region manifolds: Recovering small objects with compact CNN representations. In: 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 926–935 (2017)
Jucker, T., et al.: Allometric equations for integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. Glob. Change Biol. 23(1), 177–190 (2017)
Kalinicheva, E., Landrieu, L., Mallet, C., Chehata, N.: Multi-layer modeling of dense vegetation from aerial LiDAR scans. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, pp. 1342–1351 (2022)
Knapp, N., Fischer, R., Huth, A.: Linking lidar and forest modeling to assess biomass estimation across scales and disturbance states. Remote Sens. Environ. 205, 199–209 (2018)
Kundu, J.N., Venkat, N., Babu, R.V.: Universal source-free domain adaptation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2020)
Lang, N., Jetz, W., Schindler, K., Wegner, J.D.: A high-resolution canopy height model of the earth. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7(11), 1778–1789 (2023)
Lee, S.H., Kim, C.S.: Order learning using partially ordered data via chainization. In: Avidan, S., Brostow, G., Cissé, M., Farinella, G.M., Hassner, T. (eds.) ECCV 2022. LNCS, vol. 13673, pp. 196–211. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19778-9_12
Lee, S.H., Shin, N.H., Kim, C.S.: Geometric order learning for rank estimation. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 35, pp. 27–39 (2022)
Lee, S., Seo, S., Kim, J., Lee, Y., Hwang, S.: Few-shot fine-tuning is all you need for source-free domain adaptation (2023). arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.00792
Li, S., et al.: Deep learning enables image-based tree counting, crown segmentation and height prediction at national scale. PNAS Nexus 2(4) (2023)
Li, S., et al.: Deep learning tree and forest biomass from sub-meter resolution images (2023). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335298
Li, W., Buitenwerf, R., Munk, M., Bøcher, P.K., Svenning, J.C.: Deep-learning based high-resolution mapping shows woody vegetation densification in greater Maasai Mara ecosystem. Remote Sens. Environ. 247, 111953 (2020)
Li, Y., Li, M., Li, C., Liu, Z.: Forest aboveground biomass estimation using Landsat 8 and sentinel-1a data with machine learning algorithms. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 9952 (2020)
Liang, J., Hu, D., Feng, J.: Do we really need to access the source data? Source hypothesis transfer for unsupervised domain adaptation. In: International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), pp. 6028–6039 (2020)
Lim, K., Shin, N.H., Lee, Y.Y., Kim, C.S.: Order learning and its application to age estimation. In: International Conference on Learning Representations (2020)
Liu, S., et al.: The overlooked contribution of trees outside forests to tree cover and woody biomass across Europe. Sci. Adv. 9(37) (2023)
Marsocci, V., Gonthier, N., Garioud, A., Scardapane, S., Mallet, C.: GeoMultiTaskNet: remote sensing unsupervised domain adaptation using geographical coordinates. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, pp. 2075–2085 (2023)
Mathelin, A.D., Richard, G., Deheeger, F., Mougeot, M., Vayatis, N.: Adversarial weighting for domain adaptation in regression. In: 2021 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), pp. 49–56. IEEE Computer Society (2021)
Mugabowindekwe, M., et al.: Nation-wide mapping of tree-level aboveground carbon stocks in Rwanda. Nat. Clim. Chang. 13(1), 91–97 (2023)
Nejjar, I., Wang, Q., Fink, O.: DARE-GRAM: unsupervised domain adaptation regression by aligning inversed gram matrices. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2023)
Nguyen, K.D., Tran, Q.H., Nguyen, K., Hua, B.S., Nguyen, R.: Inductive and transductive few-shot video classification via appearance and temporal alignments. In: Avidan, S., Brostow, G., Cissé, M., Farinella, G.M., Hassner, T. (eds.) ECCV 2022. LNCS, vol. 13680, pp. 471–487. Springer, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20044-1_27
Pardoe, D., Stone, P.: Boosting for regression transfer. In: International Conference on Machine Learning (2010)
Robinson, C., et al.: Large scale high-resolution land cover mapping with multi-resolution data. In: 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 12718–12727 (2019)
Roussel, J.R., et al.: lidR: an R package for analysis of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. Remote Sens. Environ. 251, 112061 (2020)
Shin, N.H., Lee, S.H., Kim, C.S.: Moving window regression: a novel approach to ordinal regression. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2022)
Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2015), pp. 1–14 (2015)
Snell, J., Swersky, K., Zemel, R.: Prototypical networks for few-shot learning. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2017)
Sumbul, G., Demir, B.: Label noise robust image representation learning based on supervised variational autoencoders in remote sensing. In: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) (2023)
Teshima, T., Sato, I., Sugiyama, M.: Few-shot domain adaptation by causal mechanism transfer. In: Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (2020)
Voulgaris, G., Philippides, A., Dolley, J., Reffin, J., Marshall, F., Quadrianto, N.: Seasonal domain shift in the global south: dataset and deep features analysis. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, pp. 2116–2124 (2023)
Wang, B., Mendez, J., Cai, M., Eaton, E.: Transfer learning via minimizing the performance gap between domains. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 32. Curran Associates, Inc. (2019)
Wang, S., Han, W., Huang, X., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Li, J.: Trustworthy remote sensing interpretation: concepts, technologies, and applications. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. 209, 150–172 (2024)
Weinstein, B.G., et al.: A benchmark dataset for canopy crown detection and delineation in co-registered airborne RGB, LiDAR and hyperspectral imagery from the national ecological observation network. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17(7), e1009180 (2021)
Zhou, D., Bousquet, O., Lal, T., Weston, J., Schölkopf, B.: Learning with local and global consistency. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 16. MIT Press (2003)
Acknowledgements
PC acknowledges support from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) Biomass project (ESA ESRIN/4000123662) and RECCAP2 project 1190 (ESA ESRIN/4000123002/ 18/I-NB) and the ANR BMBF French German AI4FOREST (ANR-22-FAI1-0002).
MB and SL were supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 947757 TOFDRY) and a DFF Sapere Aude grant (no. 9064-00049B).
DG ackowledge support by the European Union’s Eurostars programme through the C-Trees project, grant number E114613.
XT acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 947757 TOFDRY).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Li, S., Gominski, D., Brandt, M., Tong, X., Ciais, P. (2024). Get Your Embedding Space in Order: Domain-Adaptive Regression for Forest Monitoring. In: Leonardis, A., Ricci, E., Roth, S., Russakovsky, O., Sattler, T., Varol, G. (eds) Computer Vision – ECCV 2024. ECCV 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 15135. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72980-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72980-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-72979-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-72980-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)