Abstract
The extensive use of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms has significantly altered decision-making processes, societal structures, and power dynamics. These algorithms, known for their efficiency, are increasingly making critical decisions. However, concerns about their opacity and biases persist. Some legal scholars and data scientists argue that the GDPR includes a right to explanation to address ML opacity, while others advocate for transparency as a better solution. This study explores the debate between transparency and explanation within the GDPR’s regulatory framework, focusing on Articles 15, 22 and recent EU court rulings. By examining judicial developments and scholarly perspectives, the study highlights the GDPR’s efforts to promote transparency and accountability in automated decision-making. Despite the GDPR’s provisions, the lack of an explicit right to explanation has led to ongoing legal and ethical discussions. This research aims to provide insights into how transparency, explanation, and individual rights intersect in the realm of algorithmic decision-making under the GDPR.
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Notes
- 1.
Paragraph 4.43 of the decision.
- 2.
Paragraph 4.41 of the decision.
- 3.
Paragraph 4.52 of the decision.
- 4.
Not necessarily a detailed explanation of how the role of the data influenced the decision.
- 5.
Paragraph 4.29 of the court’s decision.
- 6.
Paragraph 50 of the CJEU’s decision.
- 7.
Paragraph 54 AG Pikamäe’s opinion.
- 8.
Paragraph 58 AG Pikamäe’s opinion.
- 9.
Paragraph 210 of the ECJ ruling.
- 10.
Art 17, 18, 19, 20 Framework Decision 2008/977/JH.
- 11.
Paragraph 56 the ECJ ruling.
- 12.
Art 1, EU AI Act.
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Nnawuchi, U., George, C., Kammueller, F. (2025). Transparency vs Explanation of Machine Learning Algorithms: Perspectives from Recent Legal Proceedings. In: Santos, M.F., Machado, J., Novais, P., Cortez, P., Moreira, P.M. (eds) Progress in Artificial Intelligence. EPIA 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 14967. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73497-7_22
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