Abstract
Facial age estimation has many potential applications in the area of human-centered computing, since age plays a very important role in human society. Traditional approaches to automatic facial age estimation mainly aim to model the mapping from the face image \(\mathbf x \) to the age y. On the contrary, this chapter presents two typical solutions based on special data representation forms other than the traditional \(x\rightarrow y\) mapping, which are specially designed to match the characteristics of human facial aging effects. The first solution is called AGES (AGing pattErn Subspace), which mainly manipulates the left side of the mapping. The basic idea is to model the aging pattern, which is defined as the sequence of a particular individual’s face images sorted in time order, by constructing a representative subspace. The second solution is based on a new learning paradigm named label distribution learning, which mainly manipulates the right side of the mapping. The basic idea is to regard each face image as an instance associated with a label distribution which covers a certain number of age labels.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Berger, A.L., Pietra, S.D., Pietra, V.J.D.: A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing. Computat. Linguist. 22(1), 39–71 (1996)
Bruyer, B., Scailquin, J.C.: Person recognition and ageing: the cognitive status of addresses—an empirical question. Int. J. Psychol. 29(3), 351–366 (1994)
Chang, K.Y., Chen, C.S., Hung, Y.P.: Ordinal hyperplanes ranker with cost sensitivities for age estimation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 585–592. Colorado Springs (2011)
Dehon, H., Brédart, S.: An ‘other-race’ effect in age estimation from faces. Perception 30(9), 1107–1113 (2001)
Denoeux, T., Zouhal, L.M.: Handling possibilistic labels in pattern classification using evidential reasoning. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 122(3), 409–424 (2001)
Edwards, G.J., Lanitis, A., Cootes, C.J.: Statistical face models: improving specificity. Image Vision Comput. 16(3), 203–211 (1998)
FG-NET Aging Database. http://sting.cycollege.ac.cy/~alanitis/fgnetaging/index.htm
Fu, Y., Guo, G., Huang, T.S.: Age synthesis and estimation via faces: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 32(11), 1955–1976 (2010)
Fu, Y., Huang, T.: Human age estimation with regression on discriminative aging manifold. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 10(4), 578–584 (2008)
Fu, Y., Xu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Estimating human age by manifold analysis of face pictures and regression on aging features. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1383–1386. Beijing (2007)
Geng, X., Smith-Miles, K., Zhou, Z.H.: Facial age estimation by learning from label distributions. In: Proceedings of 24th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 451–456. Atlanta (2010)
Geng, X., Yin, C., Zhou, Z.H.: Facial age estimation by learning from label distributions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 35(10), 2401–2412 (2013)
Geng, X., Zhou, Z.H., Smith-Miles, K.: Automatic age estimation based on facial aging patterns. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(12), 2234–2240 (2007)
Geng, X., Zhou, Z.H., Zhang, Y., Li, G., Dai, H.: Learning from facial aging patterns for automatic age estimation. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 307–316. Santa Barbara (2006)
Guo, G., Fu, Y., Dyer, C.R., Huang, T.S.: Image-based human age estimation by manifold learning and locally adjusted robust regression. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 17(7), 1178–1188 (2008)
Guo, G., Mu, G.: Simultaneous dimensionality reduction and human age estimation via kernel partial least squares regression. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 657–664. Colorado Springs (2011)
Guo, G., Mu, G., Fu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Human age estimation using bio-inspired features. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 112–119. Miami (2009)
Jang, J.S.R.: ANFIS: Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B 23(3), 665–685 (1993)
Jolliffe, I.T.: Principal Component Analysis, 2nd edn. Springer, New York (2002)
Lanitis, A., Draganova, C., Christodoulou, C.: Comparing different classifiers for automatic age estimation. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B 34(1), 621–628 (2004)
Lanitis, A., Taylor, C.J., Cootes, T.: Toward automatic simulation of aging effects on face images. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 24(4), 442–455 (2002)
Leonardis, A., Bishof, H.: Robust recognition using eigenimages. Comput. Vis. Image Und. 78(1), 99–118 (2000)
Ni, B., Song, Z., Yan, S.: Web image mining towards universal age estimator. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 85–94. Vancouver (2009)
Ni, B., Song, Z., Yan, S.: Web image and video mining towards universal and robust age estimator. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 13(6), 1217–1229 (2011)
Pietra, S.D., Pietra, V.J.D., Lafferty, J.D.: Inducing features of random fields. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(4), 380–393 (1997)
Quost, B., Denoeux, T.: Learning from data with uncertain labels by boosting credal classifiers. In: Proceedings of 1st ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Knowledge Discovery from Uncertain Data, pp. 38–47. Paris (2009)
Ricanek, K., Tesafaye, T.: MORPH: a longitudinal image database of normal adult age-progression. In: Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 341–345. Southampton (2006)
Roweis, S.: EM algorithms for PCA and SPCA. In: Jordan, M.I., Kearns, M.J., Solla, S.A. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 10, pp. 626–632. MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)
Smyth, P.: Learning with probabilistic supervision. In: Petsche, T. (ed.) Computational Learning Theory and Natural Learning System, vol. III, pp. 163–182. MIT Press, MA (1995)
Tipping, M.E., Bishop, C.M.: Probabilistic principal component analysis. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B: Stat. Methodol. 61, 611–622 (1999)
Tsoumakas, G., Katakis, I.: Multi-label classification: an overview. Int. J. Data Warehouse. Min. 3(3), 1–13 (2007)
Wiberg, T.: Computation of principal component when data are missing. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Computational Statistics, pp. 229–236. Berlin (1976)
Yan, S., Wang, H., Huang, T.S., Yang, Q., Tang, X.: Ranking with uncertain labels. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 96–99. Beijing (2007)
Yan, S., Wang, H., Tang, X., Huang, T.S.: Learning auto-structured regressor from uncertain nonnegative labels. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1–8. Rio de Janeiro (2007)
Yan, S., Xu, D., Zhang, B., Zhang, H., Yang, Q., Lin, S.: Graph embedding and extensions: a general framework for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(1), 40–51 (2007)
Yan, S., Zhou, X., Liu, M., Hasegawa-Johnson, M., Huang, T.S.: Regression from patch-kernel. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Anchorage (2008)
Zhang, Y., Yeung, D.Y.: Multi-task warped gaussian process for personalized age estimation. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2622–2629. San Francisco (2010)
Zhuang, X., Zhou, X., Hasegawa-Johnson, M., Huang, T.S.: Face age estimation using patch-based hidden markov model supervectors. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 1–4. Tampa (2008)
Zimmermann, H.J. (ed.): Practical Applications of Fuzzy Technologies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands (1999)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (61273300, 61232007), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, the Excellent Young Teachers Program of SEU, and the Key Lab of Computer Network and Information Integration of Ministry of Education of China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geng, X. (2014). Facial Age Estimation: A Data Representation Perspective. In: Fu, Y. (eds) Human-Centered Social Media Analytics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05491-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05491-9_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05490-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05491-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)