Abstract
The size and complexity of software in spacecraft is increasing exponentially, and this trend complicates its validation within the context of the overall spacecraft system. Current validation methods are labour-intensive as they rely on manual analysis, review and inspection. In this paper we give an overview of an integrated system-software co-engineering approach focusing on a coherent set of specification and analysis techniques for evaluation of system-level correctness, safety, dependability and performability of on-board computer-based aerospace systems. It features both a tailored modelling language and toolset for supporting (semi-)automated validation activities. Our modelling language is a dialect of the Architecture Analysis and Design Language, AADL, and enables engineers to specify the system, the software, and their reliability aspects. The COMPASS toolset employs state-of-the-art model checking techniques, both qualitative and probabilistic, for the analysis of requirements related to functional correctness, safety, dependability and performance.
We thank all co-workers in the COMPASS project for their contributions, including the groups of Alessandro Cimatti (FBK, Trento, IT), Xavier Olive (Thales Alenia Space, FR), David Lesens (Airbus Defence and Space, FR) and Yuri Yushtein (ESA/ESTEC, NL). This research has been funded by the European Space Agency via several grants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baier, C., Haverkort, B., Hermanns, H., Katoen, J.P.: Model-checking algorithms for continuous-time Markov chains. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 29(6), 524–541 (2003)
Baier, C., Katoen, J.P.: Principles of Model Checking. MIT Press, Cambridge (2008)
Biere, A., Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Zhu, Y.: Symbolic model checking without BDDs. In: Cleaveland, W.R. (ed.) TACAS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1579, pp. 193–207. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Biere, A., Heljanko, K., Junttila, T.A., Latvala, T., Schuppan, V.: Linear encodings of bounded LTL model checking. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 2(5), 1–64 (2006)
Bittner, B., Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Olive, X.: Symbolic synthesis of observability requirements for diagnosability. In: Proceedings of 11th Symposium on Advanced Space Technologies in Robotics and Automation (ASTRA 2011), ESA/ESTEC (2011) http://robotics.estec.esa.int/ASTRA/Astra2011/Astra2011_Proceedings.zip
Boudali, H., Crouzen, P., Stoelinga, M.: A rigorous, compositional and extensible framework for dynamic fault tree analysis. In: Dependable and Secure Computing, pp. 128–143. IEEE (2010)
Bozzano, M., Bruttomesso, R., Cimatti, A., Junttila, T., van Rossum, P., Schulz, S., Sebastiani, R.: Mathsat: tight integration of SAT and mathematical decision procedures. J. Autom. Reasoning 35, 265–293 (2005)
Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Katoen, J.-P., Nguyen, V.Y., Noll, T., Roveri, M.: The COMPASS approach: correctness, modelling and performability of aerospace systems. In: Buth, B., Rabe, G., Seyfarth, T. (eds.) SAFECOMP 2009. LNCS, vol. 5775, pp. 173–186. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Tapparo, F.: Symbolic fault tree analysis for reactive systems. In: Namjoshi, K.S., Yoneda, T., Higashino, T., Okamura, Y. (eds.) ATVA 2007. LNCS, vol. 4762, pp. 162–176. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Bozzano, M., Cavada, R., Cimatti, A., Katoen, J.P., Nguyen, V.Y., Noll, T., Olive, X.: Formal verification and validation of aadl models. In: Embedded Real Time Software and Systems Conference, AAAF & SEE (2010)
Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Katoen, J.P., Katsaros, P., Mokos, K., Nguyen, V.Y., Noll, T., Postma, B., Roveri, M.: Spacecraft early design validation using formal methods. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 132, 20–35 (2014)
Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Katoen, J.P., Nguyen, V.Y., Noll, T., Roveri, M.: Safety, dependability, and performance analysis of extended AADL models. Comput. J. 54(5), 754–775 (2011)
Cimatti, A., Pecheur, C., Cavada, R.: Formal verification of diagnosability via symbolic model checking. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 363–369. Morgan Kaufmann (2003)
Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Giunchiglia, E., Giunchiglia, F., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Sebastiani, R., Tacchella, A.: NuSMV 2: an opensource tool for symbolic model checking. In: Brinksma, E., Larsen, K.G. (eds.) CAV 2002. LNCS, vol. 2404, pp. 359–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
COMPASS Consortium: The COMPASS project web site. http://compass.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/
Derisavi, S., Hermanns, H., Sanders, W.H.: Optimal state-space lumping in Markov chains. Inf. Process. Lett. 87(6), 309–315 (2003)
Dwyer, M., Avrunin, G., Corbett, J.: Patterns in property specifications for finite-state verification. In: International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pp. 411–420. IEEE CS Press (1999)
ECSS: Space product assurance: Fault tree analysis - adoption notice ECSS/IEC 61025. ECSS Standard Q-ST-40-12C, European Cooperation for Space Standardization, July 2008
ECSS: Space product assurance: Failure modes, effects (and criticality) analysis (FMEA/FMECA). ECSS Standard Q-ST-30-02C, European Cooperation for Space Standardization, March 2009
Esteve, M.A., Katoen, J.P., Nguyen, V.Y., Postma, B., Yushtein, Y.: Formal correctness, safety, dependability and performance analysis of a satellite. In: 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2012), pp. 1022–1031. ACM and IEEE CS Press (2012)
FBK: FSAP: The formal safety analysis platform. http://fsap.fbk.eu/
FBK: MathSAT. http://mathsat.fbk.eu
FBK: NuSMV: A new symbolic model checker. http://nusmv.fbk.eu
Feiler, P.H., Gluch, D.P.: Model-Based Engineering with AADL: an introduction to the sae architecture analysis & design language. Addison-Wesley Professional, Boston (2012)
Grunske, L.: Specification patterns for probabilistic quality properties. In: International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pp. 31–40. ACM (2008)
Guck, D., Han, T., Katoen, J.-P., Neuhäußer, M.R.: Quantitative timed analysis of interactive Markov chains. In: Goodloe, A.E., Person, S. (eds.) NFM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7226, pp. 8–23. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Heljanko, K., Junttila, T.A., Latvala, T.: Incremental and complete bounded model checking for full PLTL. In: Etessami, K., Rajamani, S.K. (eds.) CAV 2005. LNCS, vol. 3576, pp. 98–111. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Henzinger, T.: The theory of hybrid automata. In: IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 278–292. IEEE CS Press (1996)
Hermanns, H.: Interactive Markov chains in practice. In: Hermanns, H. (ed.) Interactive Markov Chains. LNCS, vol. 2428, p. 129. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Katoen, J.P., Zapreev, I.S., Hahn, E.M., Hermanns, H., Jansen, D.N.: The ins and outs of the probabilistic model checker MRMC. Perform. Eval. 68(2), 90–104 (2011)
MRMC Consortium: MRMC – The Markov Reward Model Checker. http://www.mrmc-tool.org/
SAE: Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL). SAE Standard AS5506, International Society of Automotive Engineers, May 2004
SAE: Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) Annex, Volume 1, Annex A: Graphical AADL Notation. SAE Standard AS5506/1, International Society of Automotive Engineers, June 2006
SAE: Architecture Analysis and Design Language Annex (AADL), Volume 1, Annex E: Error Model Annex. SAE Standard AS5506/1, International Society of Automotive Engineers, June 2006
SAE: Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) Rev. B. SAE Standard AS5506B, International Society of Automotive Engineers, September 2012
Valmari, A., Franceschinis, G.: Simple O(m logn) time Markov chain lumping. In: Esparza, J., Majumdar, R. (eds.) TACAS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6015, pp. 38–52. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Wimmer, R., Herbstritt, M., Hermanns, H., Strampp, K., Becker, B.: Sigref – a symbolic bisimulation tool box. In: Graf, S., Zhang, W. (eds.) ATVA 2006. LNCS, vol. 4218, pp. 477–492. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Yushtein, Y., Bozzano, M., Cimatti, A., Katoen, J.P., Nguyen, V., Noll, T., Olive, X., Roveri, M.: System-software co-engineering: dependability and safety perspective. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT 2011), pp. 18–25. IEEE CS Press (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Noll, T. (2015). Safety, Dependability and Performance Analysis of Aerospace Systems. In: Artho, C., Ölveczky, P. (eds) Formal Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems. FTSCS 2014. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 476. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17581-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17581-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17580-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17581-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)