Skip to main content

From Safety Critical Java Programs to Timed Process Models

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Programming Languages with Applications to Biology and Security

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 9465))

Abstract

The idea of analysing real programs by process algebraic methods probably goes back to the Occam language using the CSP process algebra [43]. In [16, 24] Degano et al. followed in that tradition by analysing Mobile Agent Programs written in the Higher Order Functional, Concurrent and Distributed, programming language Facile [47], by equipping Facile with a process algebraic semantics based on true concurrency. This semantics facilitated analysis of programs revealing subtle bugs that would otherwise be very hard to find. Inspired by the idea of translating real programs into process algebraic frameworks, we have in recent years pursued an agenda of translating hard-real-time embedded safety critical programs written in the Safety Critical Java Profile [33] into networks of timed automata [4] and subjecting those to automated analysis using the UPPAAL model checker [10]. Several tools have been built and the tools have been used to analyse a number of systems for properties such as worst case execution time, schedulability and energy optimization [1214, 19, 34, 36, 38]. In this paper we will elaborate on the theoretical underpinning of the translation from Java programs to timed automata models and briefly summarize some of the results based on this translation. Furthermore, we discuss future work, especially relations to the work in [16, 24] as Java recently has adopted first class higher order functions in the form of lambda abstractions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    TetaSARTS can be downloaded at http://people.cs.aau.dk/~luckow/tetasarts/.

References

  1. Aho, A.V., Lam, M.S., Sethi, R., Ullman, J.D.: Compilers: Principles. Techniques and Tools. Pearson Education, London (2006)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Aicas: JamaicaVM User Manual: Java Technology for Critical Embedded Systems (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. aJile Systems: http://www.ajile.com/

  4. Alur, R.: Timed automata. In: Halbwachs, N., Peled, D.A. (eds.) CAV 1999. LNCS, vol. 1633, pp. 8–22. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Alur, R., Dill, D.L.: A theory of timed automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 126(2), 183–235 (1994)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Amighi, A., de Carvalho Gomes, P., Gurov, D., Huisman, M.: Provably correct control flow graphs from Java bytecode programs with exceptions. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transfer, 1–32 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10009-015-0375-0

  7. Amnell, T., Fersman, E., Mokrushin, L., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: TIMES: a tool for schedulability analysis and code generation of real-time systems. In: The 1st International Workshop on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, May 2003

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bacon, D.F., Sweeney, P.F.: Fast static analysis of c++ virtual function calls. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications. OOPSLA 1996, pp. 324–341. ACM, New York (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baier, C., Katoen, J.-P.: Principles of Model Checking, vol. 26202649. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Bengtsson, J., Larsen, K., Larsson, F., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Uppaal - a tool suite for automatic verification of real-time systems. In: Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A., Sontag, E.D. (eds.) HS 1995. LNCS, vol. 1066, pp. 232–243. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Bengtsson, J.E., Yi, W.: Timed automata: semantics, algorithms and tools. In: Desel, J., Reisig, W., Rozenberg, G. (eds.) Lectures on Concurrency and Petri Nets. LNCS, vol. 3098, pp. 87–124. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Bøgholm, T., Frost, C., Hansen, R., Jensen, C., Luckow, K., Ravn, A., Søndergaard, H., Thomsen, B.: Towards harnessing theories through tool support for hard real-time Java programming. Innovations Syst. Softw. Eng. 9(1), 17–28 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bøgholm, T., Hansen, R.R., Ravn, A.P., Thomsen, B., Søndergaard, H.: A predictable Java profile: rationale and implementations. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2009, pp. 150–159 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bøgholm, T., Kragh-Hansen, H., Olsen, P., Thomsen, B., Larsen, K.G.: Model-based schedulability analysis of safety critical hard real-time Java programs. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2008, pp. 106–114 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bollella, G.: The Real-time Specification for Java. Addison-Wesley Java Series. Addison-Wesley, Boston (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Borgia, R., Degano, P., Priami, C., Leth, L., Thomsen, B.: Understanding mobile agents via a non-interleaving semantics for facile. In: Schmidt, D.A., Cousot, R. (eds.) SAS 1996. LNCS, vol. 1145, pp. 98–112. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Burns, A., Wellings, A.: Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages: ADA 95, Real-Time Java, and Real-Time POSIX, 4th edn. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., Boston (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Börger, E., Schulte, W.: Defining the Java virtual machine as platform for provably correct Java compilation. In: Brim, L., Gruska, L., Zlatuška, J. (eds.) MFCS 1998. LNCS, vol. 1450, pp. 17–35. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Bøgholm, T., Thomsen, B., Larsen, K.G., Mycroft, A.: Schedulability analysis abstractions for safety critical Java. In: 2012 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC), pp. 71–78, April 2012

    Google Scholar 

  20. Corbett, J.C., Dwyer, M.B., Hatcliff, J., Laubach, S., Robby, C.S.P., Zheng, H.: Bandera: extracting finite-state models from Java source code. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Software Engineering, pp. 439–448 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dalsgaard, A.E., Olesen, M.C., Toft, M., Hansen, R.R., Larsen, K.G.: METAMOC: modular execution time analysis using model checking. In: 10th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. David, A., Illum, J., Larsen, K., Skou, A.: Model-Based Framework for Schedulability Analysis Using UPPAAL 4.1, pp. 93–119. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dean, J., Grove, D., Chambers, C.: Optimization of object-oriented programs using static class hierarchy analysis. In: Tokoro, M., Pareschi, R. (eds.) ECOOP 1995. LNCS, vol. 952, pp. 77–101. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Degano, P., Priami, C., Leth, L., Thomsen, B.: Causality for debugging mobile agents. Acta Informatica 36(5), 335–374 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Ferdinand, C.: Worst case execution time prediction by static program analysis. In: 2004 Proceedings, 18th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing, p. 125. IEEE (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Frost, C., Jensen, C.S., Luckow, K.S., Thomsen, B.: WCET analysis of Java bytecode featuring common execution environments. In: 9th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Goossens, J., Devillers, R.: The non-optimality of the monotonic priority assignments for hard real-time offset free systems. Real-Time Syst. 13, 107–126 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Holzmann, G.J.: The model checker spin. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 23(5), 279–295 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Huisman, M., Gurov, D.: CVPP: a tool set for compositional verification of control–flow safety properties. In: Beckert, B., Marché, C. (eds.) FoVeOOS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6528, pp. 107–121. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. HVM (Hardware near Virtual Machine): http://www.icelab.dk/

  31. JPF: Java PathFinder Tool-set (2014). http://babelfish.arc.nasa.gov/trac/jpf

  32. Li, S.: Y.-T., Malik, S.: Performance analysis of embedded software using implicit path enumeration. In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference. DAC 1995, pp. 456–461. ACM, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Locke, D., Scott Andersen, B., Brosgol, B., Fulton, M., Henties, T., Hunt, J.H., Nielsen, J.O., Nilsen, K., Schoeberl, M., Tokar, J., Vitek, J., Wellings, A: Safety-Critical Java Technology Specification, Public draft (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Luckow, K.S., Bøgholm, T., Thomsen, B.: Supporting development of energy-optimised Java real-time systems using TetaSARTS. In: WiP Proceedings of the 19th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Application Symposium, pp. 41–44 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Luckow, K.S., Bøgholm, T., Thomsen, B., Larsen, K.G.: TetaSARTS: modular timing and performance analysis of safety critical Java systems. Practice and Experience, Concurrency and Computation (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Luckow, K.S., Thomsen, B., Korsholm, S.E.: HVM-TP: a time predictable and portable Java virtual machine for hard real-time embedded systems. In: 12th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Luckow, K.S.: Platforms and model-based analyses for real-time Java. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University (2014). http://people.cs.aau.dk/luckow/thesis.pdf

  38. Luckow, K.S., Bøgholm, T., Thomsen, B., Larsen, K.G.: TetaSARTS: a tool for modular timing analysis of safety critical Java systems. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2013, pp. 11–20 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schoeberl, M.: JOP: a Java optimized processor for embedded real-time systems. Number ISBN 978-3-8364-8086-4. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Nilsen, K.: Differentiating features of the PERC virtual machine. Technical report, CTO, Atego (2009). http://www.aonix.com/pdf/percwhitepaper_e.pdf

  41. Pizlo, F., Ziarek, L., Vitek, J.: Real time Java on resource-constrained platforms with Fiji VM. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2009, pp. 110–119. ACM, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Plsek, A., Zhao, L., Sahin, V.H., Tang, D., Kalibera, T., Vitek, J.: Developing safety critical Java applications with oscj/l0. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2010, pp. 95–101. ACM, New York (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Roscoe, A.W., Richard Hoare, C.A.: The laws of Occam programming. Theor. Comput. Sci. 60(2), 177–229 (1988)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Schoeberl, M., Puffitsch, W., Pedersen, R.U., Huber, B.: Worst-case execution time analysis for a Java processor. Softw. Pract. Experience 40(6), 507–542 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Søndergaard, H., Korsholm, S.E., Ravn, A.P.: Safety-critical Java for low-end embedded platforms. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. JTRES 2012, pp. 44–53. ACM, New York (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sundaresan, V., Hendren, L., Razafimahefa, C., Vallée-Rai, R., Lam, P., Gagnon, E., Godin, C.: Practical virtual method call resolution for Java. SIGPLAN Not. 35(10), 264–280 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Thomsen, B., Leth, L., Kuo, T.-M.: A facile tutorial. In: Montanari, U., Sassone, V. (eds.) CONCUR 1996. LNCS, vol. 1119, pp. 278–298. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bent Thomsen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thomsen, B., Luckow, K.S., Leth, L., Bøgholm, T. (2015). From Safety Critical Java Programs to Timed Process Models. In: Bodei, C., Ferrari, G., Priami, C. (eds) Programming Languages with Applications to Biology and Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9465. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25527-9_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25527-9_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25526-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25527-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics