Abstract
Maps are the major instrument for the assessment of noise in European cities. They are the basis for informing the public and for formulating action plans. Environmental noise that is the subject of this chapter is defined as “unwanted or harmful outdoor sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by means of transport, road traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, and from sites of industrial activity” (European Parliament and Council 2002, Art. 2(1)).
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Notes
- 1.
The Aarhus Convention, adopted in 1998 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), gives everyone the right to access environmental information that is held by public authorities, the right to participate in environmental decision-making, and the right to review procedures to challenge public decisions (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/aarhus/).
- 2.
LAeq or Leq is the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (cf. Sect. 9.2.3) that is, for example, the main indicator for aircraft noise in the UK. It describes the daily average movements during the 16-h day (7–23 o’clock local time) calculated over the 92-day summer period (16 June–15 September).
- 3.
Relevant community legislation is for example Directive 2003/4/EC that repeals Directive 90/313/EEC that was addressed in the END.
- 4.
This means de-logarithmised, added or averaged, and then logarithmised again.
- 5.
Lden is the A-weighted (cf. Sect. 9.2.3) long-term average sound level for daytime, evening and nighttime (7 am–7 pm, 7 pm–11 pm, 11 pm–7 am, with possible offsets for certain countries). An extra 5 dB is added for the evening level and 10 dB for the night level.
- 6.
This was the status at the editorial deadline of this volume in November 2015. The German Industrial Standard DIN 18005-2 (Beuth 1991) will be replaced by DIN 45682 that was under revision at the editorial deadline.
- 7.
Vierunddreißigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung über die Lärmkartierung) vom 6. März 2006 (BGBl. I S. 516).
- 8.
An example for a web track site is https://de.flightaware.com/live/airport/EGLL.
- 9.
The Sound Exposure Level is the “the sound level, in dB, of a one second burst of steady noise that contains the same total sound energy as the whole event. In other words, it is the value that would be measured if the energy of the entire event were compressed into a constant sound level lasting for one second.” (Airports Commission 2013a, p. 19).
- 10.
Department for Transport (2007) Attitudes to Noise from Aviation Sources in England (ANASE) study.
- 11.
http://www.widetag.com/widenoise/ (accessed April 2014).
- 12.
http://www.noisetube.net/download (accessed April 2014).
- 13.
http://www.da-sense.de/ (accessed April 2014).
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Acknowledgments
Part of this work is based on results gained within the project ‘Evaluation and Optimization of noise action planning according to Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/ EG’, funded by the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) of Germany (UFOPLAN FKZ 371055146). I would like to thank our project partners from Laermkontor GmbH (Hamburg) for their valuable input. Figure 9.3 is based on fictitious data of the project ‘Silent City’, funded by the Federal Environment Agency and delivered by Laermkontor GmbH. The focus group interview was conducted at the Extreme Citizen Science Research Group (ExCiteS) at UCL. I would like to thank Prof. Muki Haklay and colleagues, especially Christian Nold, for their support.
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Tomio (Weninger), B. (2017). Cartographic Visualisation of Noise and Aspects of Public Understanding of this Information. In: Loreto, V., et al. Participatory Sensing, Opinions and Collective Awareness. Understanding Complex Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25658-0_9
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