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Model-Driven Design of Object and Component Systems

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Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 9506))

Abstract

The notion of software engineering implies that software design and production should be based on the types of theoretical foundations and practical disciplines that are established in the traditional branches of engineering. The goal is to make development of complex software systems more predictable and the systems developed more trustworthy - safe, secure and dependable. A number of theories have been well developed in the past half a century, including Abstract Data Types, Hoare Logic, Process Calculi, and I/O automata, and those alike. Based on them, techniques and tools have been developed for software specification, refinement and verification.

However, the theoretically sound techniques and tools have not been seamlessly integrated in practical software development, and their impact upon commonly-used software systems is still far from convincing to software engineering practitioners. This is clearly reflected by the challenges of their applications in engineering large-scale systems, including Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Networks of Things and Cloud-Based Systems, that have multi-dimensional complexities. Indeed, students are not often shown how the theories, and their underpinned techniques and tools, can better inform the software engineering they are traditionally taught. The purpose of this course to demonstrate such an effort.

We present a model-driven design framework for component-based and object-oriented software systems. We identify a set of UML notations and textual descriptions for representing different abstractions of software artefacts produced in different development stages. These abstractions, their relations and manipulations all have formalisations in the rCOS formal method of component and object systems. The aim is to allow the advantage of using precise models for development better appreciated. We organise the lecture notes into three chapters, each having a title page but all the references to literature are given at the end of Part III.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It is now renamed to UNU-CS.

  2. 2.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou_train_collision.

  3. 3.

    http://www.omg.org.

  4. 4.

    http://www.uppaal.org.

  5. 5.

    CoCoME [29] has eight use cases.

  6. 6.

    In the CoCoME problem description [29], the hardware devices, such as Printer, Card Reader, Cash Box, Bar Code Scanner, and Light Display, are also modelled as actors that the software has to interact with. In our approach, they are separated from the application logic and treated as a separate embedded system.

  7. 7.

    There can be a number of adequate systems, as discussed in Sect. 2 about the 3rd attribute of software complexity.

  8. 8.

    It is not necessarily for the overall requirements analysis to be completed before design activities can start.

  9. 9.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DavidParnas.

  10. 10.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_frames_approach.

  11. 11.

    This is the basis for identification of postconditions of an operation in Sect. 8.

  12. 12.

    Though the use case of Process Sale with Cash Payment and the use case of Buy Items with Cash [42] are both adequate, one is not a refinement of another by formal theory of refinement or process simulations.

  13. 13.

    The diagram, as many of the other UML diagrams in this chapter, is produced by using Visual Diagram www.visual-paradigm.com/features/uml-and-sysml-modeling.

  14. 14.

    A “conceptual model” is also called a “domain model”. A conceptual model can also be seen as an ontology model does in information systems, but it is the part of the ontology model that contains only the concepts and relations relevant for the requirements of the system under design.

  15. 15.

    This is similar to intentional and extensional definitions of sets in mathematics.

  16. 16.

    The UML Visual Paradigm tool does not support object-diagrams in the way that we want to use them. Here we abuse the Visual Paradigm class diagram by prefixing the class name with (optionally) a name followed a colon ‘:’ to represented the fact that the instance has type of the class, and giving values to the attributes.

  17. 17.

    In a further system evolution, more software components can be developed to automate these interactions so some of the interactions among actors are not needed anymore. For example, if online shopping is to be supported a customer would be a direct actor for the Make Order use case.

  18. 18.

    This does not explicitly indicated by Controller pattern, but it is an object that Cashier actor uses to handle the operations. It also represents the Cash Desk PC.

  19. 19.

    The choice of CashDesk can also be seen as an artificial handler.

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Acknowledgement

The development of materials of this chapter started in 1998, and it has been revised ever since through the teaching at the University of leicester during 1998–2001, United Nations University -International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST, Macau) in 2001–2013, and Birmingham City University in 2015, and at many international training schools (mostly supported by the UNU-IIST). We acknowledge the materials in the textbook of Larman [42] as a major source of knowledge and ideas, that have developed in all the versions of the course notes. The extensive research at UNU-IIST on the rCOS method and the development of its tool support have significantly contributed to development of the understanding of theoretical insight of object-oriented design, component-based design, and model-driven development, and their relations. We acknowledge the contribution from Xin Chen, Zhenbang Chen, Ruzheng Dong, He Jifeng, Wei Ke, Dan Li Xiaoshan Li, Jing Liu, Charles Morisset, Anders Ravn, Volker Stolz, Shuling Wang, Jing Yang, Liang Zhao, and Naijun Zhan.

Our special thanks go to Jonathan Bowen and Anders Ravn for their careful reading and constructive comments, without that we could not have made this chapter into its current form.

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  1. Centre for Software Research and Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, China

    Zhiming Liu

  2. Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaohong Chen

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    Zhiming Liu

  2. Southwest University, Chongqing, China

    Zili Zhang

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Liu, Z., Chen, X. (2016). Model-Driven Design of Object and Component Systems. In: Liu, Z., Zhang, Z. (eds) Engineering Trustworthy Software Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9506. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29628-9_4

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