Abstract
The design of ilities in System-of-Systems (SoS) architecture is a key means to manage changes and uncertainties over the long life cycle of an SoS. While there is broad consensus on the importance of ilities, there is generally a lack of agreement on what they mean and a lack of clarity on how they can be engineered. This article presents the DSTA Framework for Managing SoS Ilities, which coherently relates key ilities identified as important for SoS architectural design. Newly established in 2013 and updated in 2015 to guide Systems Architecting practitioners in DSTA, the framework also proposes how working definitions of robustness and resilience can be interpreted across key high-level and low-level ilities coherently, and introduces broad concepts of how they could be realized.
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Notes
- 1.
Scientific papers within the Inspec and Compendex database (1884–2010) were searched to rank the prevalence of the 20 ilities and found to be consistent with that based on Google search engine hits. Thereafter, an internet search of how often two ilities co-occurred in the same article/page was used to estimate the strength of their inter-relationship.
- 2.
- 3.
At the implementation level, we see robustness and resilience as complimentary and overlapping. Robustness measures (avoid a hit, reduce damage when hit) can maintain MOP above required levels for disturbances up to a certain severity. Beyond that, resilience takes over, whereby the same measures to “reduce damage when hit” under robustness now acts to limit damage so that recovery is possible, followed by quick recovery within the mission time-frame. Resilience operates at the tactical level in response to imminent disturbances; evolvability operates at the strategic level in preparation for new/deferred requirements.
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Resilient systems/organizations of the third kind can anticipate and manage something before it happens, instead of passively responding to something that happens.
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Resilient systems/organizations of the first kind can monitor situations to determine if a reaction is necessary, and thereafter respond appropriately.
- 6.
Resilient systems/organizations of the second kind can manage (i.e. monitor and respond to) something not only when it happens, but also learn from what has happened thereafter to adjust both what it monitors and how it responds.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Kang Shian Chin and Mr. Sim Kok Wah for initial development of this framework published in DSTA Horizons 2013/14 [2], as well as the perspectives and inputs of Mr. Kang Shian Chin, Mr. Pang Chung Khiang, Mr. Pore Ghee Lye, Dr. Pee Eng Yau and Mr. Wong Ka-Yoon, in the recent effort to update this framework.
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Lian, Z., Teo, S.H. (2016). Framework for Managing System-of-Systems Ilities. In: Cardin, MA., Fong, S., Krob, D., Lui, P., Tan, Y. (eds) Complex Systems Design & Management Asia. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 426. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29643-2_3
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