Abstract
The Language Application (LAPPS) Grid project is establishing a framework that enables language service discovery, composition, and reuse and promotes sustainability, manageability, usability, and interoperability of natural language Processing (NLP) components. It is based on the service-oriented architecture (SOA), a more recent, web-oriented version of the “pipeline” architecture that has long been used in NLP for sequencing loosely-coupled linguistic analyses. The LAPPS Grid provides access to basic NLP processing tools and resources and enables pipelining such tools to create custom NLP applications, as well as composite services such as question answering and machine translation together with language resources such as mono- and multi-lingual corpora and lexicons that support NLP. The transformative aspect of the LAPPS Grid is that it orchestrates access to and deployment of language resources and processing functions available from servers around the globe and enables users to add their own language resources, services, and even service grids to satisfy their particular needs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
E.g., in the NSF-funded Sustainable Interoperability for Language Technology (SILT) project (NSF-INTEROP 0753069) [12], the EU-funded Fostering Language Resources Network (FLaReNet) project [1], the International Standards Organization (ISO) committee for Language Resource Management (ISO TC37 SC4), and parallel efforts in Asia and Australia, together with the LAPPS project and international collaborators.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
The Common Analysis Structure (CAS) is the internal format for exchange among modules in the UIMA framework.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
See Ide et al., “The Language Application Grid Web Service Exchange Vocabulary”, in this volume.
- 14.
The survey of basic linguistic objects was undertaken within a Working Group of ISO TC37 SC4. A working draft and an inventory of type systems are available at http://vocab.lappsgrid.org/EV/ev-draft.pdf and http://vocab.lappsgrid.org/EV/materials/.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
Distributed under the terms of permissive Academic Free License; http://getgalaxy.org.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
E.g., Replicability and Reusability in Natural Language Processing: from Data to Software Sharing: http://nl.ijs.si/rrnlp2015/.
- 24.
- 25.
E.g., Web Services for Effective NLP Application Development and Evaluation: Using and Contributing to the Language Application (LAPPS) Grid, offered at LREC 2014.
- 26.
ISO/TC 37/SC4, Language Resources Management, http://www.tc37sc4.org.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
Under development.
- 30.
- 31.
Funding for the LAPPS Grid involvement in the federation has awarded as a supplement to the NSF SI\(^2\) grants ACI-1147912 and ACI-1147944.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
References
Calzolari, N., Baroni, P., Bel, N., Budin, G., Choukri, K., Goggi, S., Mariani, J., Monachini, M., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S., Quochi, V., Soria, C., Toral, A. (eds.) Proceedings of The European Language Resources and Technologies Forum: Shaping the Future of the Multilingual Digital Europe. ILC-CNR (2009)
Cassidy, S., Estival, D., Jones, T., Burnham, D., Burghold, J.: The alveo virtual laboratory: a web based repository API. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Reykjavik, May 2014
Ferrucci, D., Nyberg, E., Allan, J., Barker, K., Brown, E., Chu-Carroll, J., Ciccolo, A., Duboue, P., Fan, J., Gondek, D., Hovy, E., Katz, B., Lally, A., McCord, M., Morarescu, P., Murdock, B., Porter, B., Prager, J., Strzalkowski, T., Welty, C., Zadrozny, W.: Towards the open advancement of question answering systems. Technical report, IBM Research, Armonk (2009)
Ferrucci, D.A., Brown, E.W., Chu-Carroll, J., Fan, J., Gondek, D., Kalyanpur, A., Lally, A., Murdock, J.W., Nyberg, E., Prager, J.M., Schlaefer, N., Welty, C.A.: Building Watson: an overview of the DeepQA project. AI Mag. 31(3), 59–79 (2010)
Fokkens, A., van Erp, M., Postma, M., Pedersen, T., Vossen, P., Freire, N.: Offspring from reproduction problems: what replication failure teaches us. In: Proceedings of the Conference of The Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 1691–1701. The Association for Computational Linguistics (2013)
Garduno, E., Yang, Z., Maiberg, A., McCormack, C., Fang, Y., Nyberg, E.: CSE Framework: a UIMA-based distributed system for configuration space exploration unstructured information management architecture. In: Klgl, P., de Castilho, R.E., Tomanek, K. (eds.) UIMA@GSCL, pp. 14–17 (2013). Proceedings of the CEUR Workshop, CEUR-WS.org
Giardine, B., Riemer, C., Hardison, R.C., Burhans, R., Elnitski, L., Shah, P., Zhang, Y., Blankenberg, D., Albert, I., Taylor, J., Miller, W., Kent, W.J., Nekrutenko, A.: Galaxy: a platform for interactive large-scale genome analysis. Genome Res. 15(10), 1451–55 (2005)
Goecks, J., Coraor, N., Team, T.G., Nekrutenko, A., Taylor, J.: NGS analyses by visualization with trackster. Nat. Biotechnol. 30(11), 1036–1039 (2012)
Goecks, J., Nekrutenko, A., Taylor, J.: Galaxy: a comprehensive approach for supporting accessible, reproducible, and transparent computational research in the life sciences. Genome Biol. 11, R86 (2010)
Hayashi, Y., Declerck, T., Calzolari, N., Monachini, M., Soria, C., Buitelaar, P.: Language service ontology. In: Ishida, T. (ed.) The Language Grid - Service-Oriented Collective Intelligence for Language Resource Interoperability, pp. 85–100. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Ide, N., Pustejovsky, J.: What does interoperability mean, anyway? toward an operational definition of interoperability. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Global Interoperability for Language Resources (ICGL 2010), Hong Kong, China (2010)
Ide, N., Pustejovsky, J., Calzolari, N., Soria, C.: The SILT and FlaReNet international collaboration for interoperability. In: Proceedings of the Third Linguistic Annotation Workshop, ACL-IJCNLP, August 2009
Ide, N., Suderman, K.: The linguistic annotation framework: a standard for annotation interchange and merging. Lang. Resour. Eval. 48, 395–418 (2014)
Ishida, T., Murakami, Y., Lin, D., Nakaguchi, T., Otani, M.: Open language grid-towards a global language service infrastructure. In: The Third ASE International Conference on Social Informatics (SocialInformatics 2014). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (2014)
ISO-24612: Language Resource Management - Linguistic Annotation Framework. ISO 24612 (2012)
Patel, A., Yang, Z., Nyberg, E., Mitamura, T.: Building an optimal QA system automatically using configuration space exploration for QA4MRE’13 tasks. In: Proceedings of CLEF 2013 (2013)
Pedersen, T.: Empiricism is not a matter of faith. Comput. Linguist. 34(3), 465–470 (2008)
Piperdis, S.: The META-SHARE language resources sharing infrastructure: principles, challenges, solutions. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC12). European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Istanbul (2012)
W3C OWL Working Group: OWL 2 Web Ontology Language: Document Overview. W3C Recommendation (2012)
W3C SKOS Working Group: SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference. W3C Recommendation (2009)
Windhouwer, M.: RELcat: a Relation Registry for ISOcat data categories. In: Calzolari, N., Choukri, K., Declerck, T., Dogan, M.U., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S. (eds.) LREC 2012, pp. 3661–3664. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Istanbul (2012)
Yang, Z., Garduno, E., Fang, Y., Maiberg, A., McCormack, C., Nyberg, E.: Building optimal information systems automatically: configuration space exploration for biomedical information systems. In: Proceedings of the CIKM 2013 (2013)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants NSF-ACI 1147944 and NSF-ACI 1147912.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ide, N. et al. (2016). The Language Application Grid. In: Murakami, Y., Lin, D. (eds) Worldwide Language Service Infrastructure. WLSI 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9442. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31468-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31468-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31467-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31468-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)