Abstract
To cope with the ever-increasing volume of malware samples, automated program analysis techniques are inevitable. Malware sandboxes in particular have become the de facto standard to extract a program’s behavior. However, the strong need to automate program analysis also bears the risk that anyone that can submit programs to learn and leak the characteristics of a particular sandbox.
We introduce SandPrint, a program that measures and leaks characteristics of Windows-targeted sandboxes. We submit our tool to 20 malware analysis services and collect 2666 analysis reports that cluster to 76 sandboxes. We then systemically assess whether an attacker can possibly find a subset of characteristics that are inherent to all sandboxes, and not just characteristic of a single sandbox. In fact, using supervised learning techniques, we show that adversaries can automatically generate a classifier that can reliably tell a sandbox and a real system apart. Finally, we show that we can use similar techniques to stealthily detect commercial malware security appliances of three popular vendors.
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Notes
- 1.
We omit the vendor names not to pinpoint to weaknesses of individual appliances.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. Special thanks goes to our shepherd Michael Bailey, who supported us during the process of finalizing the paper. This work was supported by the MEXT Program for Promoting Reform of National Universities and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through funding for the Center for IT-Security, Privacy and Accountability (CISPA) and for the BMBF project 13N13250.
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Appendix
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See Fig. 3.
Mapping between submitted SandPrint instances and sandboxes. The non-circle shapes indicate constant and exclusive use of a sandbox by a particular service and thus are inferred as being a sandbox attached to the service. A cross indicates that the mapping is confirmed by mapping the SandPrint report to the dynamic analysis report provided by the service.
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Yokoyama, A. et al. (2016). SandPrint: Fingerprinting Malware Sandboxes to Provide Intelligence for Sandbox Evasion. In: Monrose, F., Dacier, M., Blanc, G., Garcia-Alfaro, J. (eds) Research in Attacks, Intrusions, and Defenses. RAID 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9854. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45719-2_8
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