Abstract
In this paper, we compare delexicalized transfer and minimally supervised parsing techniques on 32 different languages from Universal Dependencies treebank collection. The minimal supervision is in adding handcrafted universal grammatical rules for POS tags. The rules are incorporated into the unsupervised dependency parser in forms of external prior probabilities. We also experiment with learning this probabilities from other treebanks. The average attachment score of our parser is slightly lower then the delexicalized transfer parser, however, it performs better for languages from less resourced language families (non-Indo-European) and is therefore suitable for those, for which the treebanks often do not exist.
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Notes
- 1.
In the fully unsupervised setting, we cannot for example simply push verbs to the roots and nouns to become their dependents. This is already a kind of supervision.
- 2.
- 3.
We exclude ‘Ancient Greek-PROIEL’, ‘Finnish-FTB’, ‘Japan-KTC’, ‘Latin-ITT’, and ‘Latin-PROIEL’ treebanks.
- 4.
Malt parser in the current version 1.8.1 (http://maltparser.org).
- 5.
- 6.
We had to change the original parser code to do this.
- 7.
Note that for example \(p^{ext}_{attach}(PUNC|VERB,dir) = 1\) does not mean that all the dependents of VERB must be PUNC. Since the \(\lambda _{attach}\) is less than one, the value 1 only pushes punctuation to be attached below verbs.
- 8.
The results of different parameter settings for both parser varied only little (at most 2 % difference for all the languages).
- 9.
We used the Malt parser with its default feature set. Tuning in this specific delexicalized task would probably bring a bit better results.
- 10.
Danish is the only exception.
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Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the grant 14-06548P of the Czech Science Foundation.
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Mareček, D. (2016). Delexicalized and Minimally Supervised Parsing on Universal Dependencies. In: Král, P., Martín-Vide, C. (eds) Statistical Language and Speech Processing. SLSP 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9918. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45925-7_3
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