Abstract
For employing large IoT wireless sensor networks, powering the sensors by cabling or primary batteries is not feasible. Using radiated fields seems to be a possible alternative. However, the expected power densities from ambient radio frequency (RF) sources (Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), digital television (DTV), WiFi) are too small for a practical use. Using dedicated transmitters in a wireless power transfer setup, using the (power-restricted) license-free ISM frequency bands will increase the levels by an order of magnitude. Then through a careful co-design of the rectifier, receive antenna and the power management, the powering of low-power, duty-cycled wireless IoT sensors becomes feasible. The models employed for the rectifier are outlined. Then working from the core (the rectifier) toward both extremeties (the antenna and the power management circuit), the design procedure for a rectifying antenna or rectena is outlined. Future perspectives for increasing the rectenna’s efficiency and the amount of power being received are outlined, using transient arrays and multisine signals.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Strictly speaking, the correct term should be Wireless Energy Transfer. However, since WPT is by now a generally accepted term, we will stick to the use of WPT.
- 2.
That means that using a highly directive transmit antenna (large \(G_{T}\)) needs to be compensated by lowering the power injected into the antenna (decreasing \(P_{T}\)).
- 3.
COST = Cooperation in Science and Technology.
- 4.
The reason that we choose for a 10 k\(\Omega \) load is that later we will connect the rectifier to a power management IC with voltage boost functionality. The input impedance of this IC is close to 10 k\(\Omega \).
- 5.
Power management circuits therefore need an input voltage regulation to prevent collapsing.
- 6.
\(R_{0}\) = 750 \(\Omega \), \(R_{1}\) = 360 \(\Omega \), \(R_{2}\) = 180 \(\Omega \), \(R_{3}\) = 91 \(\Omega \), \(R_{4}\) = 47 \(\Omega \), \(R_{5}\) = 22 \(\Omega \), \(R_{6}\) = 11 \(\Omega \).
References
Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative. International Telecommunication Union. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsi/iot/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 04 Mar 2016
Intelligent buildings—a holistic perspective on energy management. Electrical Rev. http://www.electricalreview.co.uk/features/6495-118645. Accessed 04 Mar 2016
Wiring a Building. http://www.macktez.com/2004/wiring-a-building/. Accessed 04 Mar 2016
Waffenschmidt, E., Staring, T.: Limitation of inductive power transfer for consumer applications. In: European Conference on Power Electronics, p. 10 (2009)
Sample, A.P., Yeager, D.J., Powledge, P.S., Mamishev, A.V., Smith, J.R.: Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measur. 57(11), 2608–2615 (2008)
Hemour, S., Wu, K.: Radio-frequency rectifier for electromagnetic energy harvesting: development path and future outlook. Proc. IEEE 102(11), 1667–1691 (2014)
Karalis, A., Joannopoulos, J.D., Soljacis, M.: Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer. Ann. Phys. 323(1), 34–48 (2008)
International Telecommunication Union. Radio Regulations (2012). http://www.itu.int/dms-pub/itu-s/oth/02/02/S02020000244501PDFE.PDF. Accessed 04 Mar 2016
IEEE. IEEE Standard Letter Designators for Radar-Frequency Bands. IEEE Std 521-2002 (2002)
Pozar, D.M.: Microwave Engineering, 4th edn. Wiley, New York (2012)
Pinuela, M., Mitcheson, P.D., Lucyszyn, S.: Ambient RF energy harvesting in urban and semi-urban environments. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech. 61(7), 2715–2726 (2013)
Visser, H.J., Vullers, R.J.M.: RF energy harvesting and transport for wireless sensor network applications: principles and requirements. Proc. IEEE 101(6), 1410–1423 (2013)
Bergqvist, U., Friedrich, G., Hamerius, Y., Martens, L., Neubauer, G., Thuroczy, G., Vogel, E., Wiart, J.: Mobile Telecommunication Base Stations—Exposure to electromagnetic Fields, COST-244bis Short term Mission on Base Station Exposure (2000)
Shockley, W.: The theory of \(p-n\) junctions in semiconductor and \(p-n\) junction transistors. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28, 435–489 (1949)
Fleri, D.A., Cohen, L.D.: Nonlinear analysis of the Schottky-barrier mixer diode. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech. 21(1), 39–43 (1973)
Hubregt, J.: Visser Approximate Antenna Analysis for CAD. Wiley, Chichester, UK (2009)
Shampine, L., Gear, C.: A user’s view of solving stiff ordinary differential equations. SIAM Rev. 21(1), 1–17 (1979)
Shampine, L., Reichelt, M.: The matlab ODE suite. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 18(1), 1–22 (1997)
Avago Technologies. HSMS-285x Series: Surface Mount Zero Bias Schottky Detector Diodes, 29 May 2009
Shepherd, W., Zand, P.: Energy Flow and Power Factor in Nonsinusoidal Circuits, Cambridge University Press (1979)
Barnett, R., Liu, J., lazar, S.: A RF to DC voltage conversion model for multi-stage rectifiers in UHF RFID transponders. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 44(2), 354–370 (2009)
Barnett, R., Lazar, S., Liu, J.: Design of multistage rectifierswith low-cost impedance matching for passive RFID tags. In: IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium (2006)
Dickson, J.: On-chip high voltage generation in NMOS integrated circuits using an improved voltage multiplier technique. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 11(3), 374–378 (1976)
de Carli, L., Juppa, Y., Cardoso, A., Galup-Montoro, C., Schneider, M.: Maximizing the power conversion efficiency of ultra-low voltage CMOS multi-stage rectifiers. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst.I Regul. Pap. 62(4), 967–975 (2015)
Freescale Semiconductor Inc.: Comapct integrated antennas, designs and applications for the MC1321X, MC1322X, MC1323X and MKW40/30/20. Application Note, Document Nr. AN2731, September 2015
Visser, H.J., Keyrouz, S., Smolders, B.: Optimized rectenna design. Wirel. Power Transf. 2(1), 44–50 (2015)
Hubregt, J.: Visser Antenna Theory and Applications. Wiley, Chichester, UK (2012)
https://www.cst.com/Products/CSTMWS. Accessed 04 Mar 2016
Cabedo-Fabres, M. Antonino-Daviu, E., Valero-Nogueira, A., Bataller, M.F.: The theory of characteristic modes revisited: a contribution to the design of antennas for modern applications. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 49(5), 52–68 (2007)
Miers, Z, Li, H., Lau, B.K.: Design of bezel antennas for multiband MIMO terminals using charactersitic modes. In: European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 2556–2560 (2014)
Visser, H.J., Pop, V., Op het Veld, B., Vullers, R.J.M.: Remote RF battery charging. In: PowerMEMS Conference, 4pp. (2010)
http://www.ti.com/product/BQ25570. Accessed 05 Mar 2016
Pflug, H.W., Visser, H.J., Keyrouz, S.: Practical applications of radiative wireless power transfer. In: Wireless Power Transfer Conference, 4pp. (2015)
Boaventura, A.S., Carvalho, N.B.: Maximizing DC power in energy harvesting circuits using multisine excitation. In: International Microwave Symposium, 4pp. (2011)
Boaventura, A., Carvalho, N.B., Georgiadis, A.: The impact of multi-sine tone separation on RF-DC efficiency. In: Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 606–609 (2014)
Boaventura, A., Belo, D., Fernandes, R., Collado, A., Georgiadis, A., Carvalho, N.B.: Boosting the efficiency. IEEE Microw. Mag. 87–96, Apr 2015
Smith, G.S., Hertel, T.W.: On the transient radiation of energy from simple current distributions and linear antennas. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 43(3), 49–63 (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Visser, H.J., Pflug, H.W., Keyrouz, S. (2016). Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer for IoT Sensors. In: Nikoletseas, S., Yang, Y., Georgiadis, A. (eds) Wireless Power Transfer Algorithms, Technologies and Applications in Ad Hoc Communication Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46810-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46810-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46809-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46810-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)