Abstract
Social robots are machines developed to interact with humans. Unlike other technological devices, their presence in society requires accepting and treating them as social agents. This has important implications in terms of social changes for humans’ personal and social identity, and social interactions. We aim to explain the core features that characterize social robots by highlighting what makes them distinct from other types of innovative technology. Equally important, we illustrate how social psychology can provide a useful perspective to understand human-robot interactions. To do so, we focus on studies that have investigated the role of intergroup relations and social identity in the context of human-machine interactions to demonstrate that robots may comprise a new type of social outgroup in future society.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Reeves, B., Nass, C.: The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press, New York (1996)
Ramey, C.H.: The uncanny valley of similarities concerning abortion, baldness, heaps of sand, and humanlike robots. In: Proceedings of Views of the Uncanny Valley Workshop: IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, pp. 8–13 (2005)
Kaplan, F.: Who is afraid of the humanoid? Investigating cultural differences in the acceptance of robots. Int. J. Humanoid Robot. 1(03), 465–480 (2004)
Kamide, H., Mae, Y., Kawabe, K., Shigemi, S., Arai, T.: A psychological scale for general impressions of humanoids. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 4030–4037. IEEE, May 2012
Ferrari, F., Paladino, M.P., Jetten, J.: Blurring human-machine distinctions: anthropomorphic appearance in social robots as a threat to human distinctiveness. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 8, 1–16 (2016)
Foundation, K.: To make a social robot, key is satisfying the human mind. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 7, 2016. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120203101153.htm. February 3 2012
Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., Ishida, T.: Psychological analysis on human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings 2001 ICRA IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, vol. 4, pp. 4166–4173. IEEE (2001)
Duffy, B.R.: Anthropomorphism and the social robot. Robot. Autonom. Syst. 42(3), 177–190 (2003)
Reich, N., Eyssel, F.: Attitudes towards service robots in domestic environments: The role of personality characteristics, individual interests, and demographic variables. Paladyn J. Behav. Robot. 4(2), 123–130 (2013)
Reich-Stiebert, N., Eyssel, F.: Learning with educational companion robots? toward attitudes on education robots, predictors of attitudes, and application potentials for education robots. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 7(5), 875–888 (2015)
Wullenkord, R., Eyssel, F.: Improving attitudes towards social robots using imagined contact. In: 2014 RO-MAN: The 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, pp. 489–494. IEEE, August 2014
Yamato, J., Shinozawa, K., Naya, F., Kogure, K.: Evaluation of communication with robot and agent: are robots better social actors than agents. In: Proceedings of the 8th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT 2001), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 690–691 (2001)
Powers, A., Kiesler, S., Fussell, S., Torrey, C.: Comparing a computer agent with a humanoid robot. In: 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 145–152. IEEE, March 2007
Epley, N., Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J.T.: On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychol. Rev. 114(4), 864 (2007)
Eyssel, F., Kuchenbrandt, D., Hegel, F., de Ruiter, L.: Activating elicited agent knowledge: How robot and user features shape the perception of social robots. In: Proceedings of the 21th IEEE International Symposium in Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2012), Paris, September 2012
Krach, S., Hegel, F., Wrede, B., Sagerer, G., Binkofski, F., Kircher, T.: Can machines think? Interaction and perspective taking with robots investigated via fMRI. PLoS ONE 3(7), e2597 (2008)
Kahn, P.H., Freier, N.G., Friedman, B., Severson, R.L., Feldman, E.N.: Social and moral relationships with robotic others? In: 13th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, ROMAN 2004, pp. 545–550. IEEE, September 2004
Robotics - Horizon 2020 - European Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/robotics
Tajfel, H.: Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Soc. Sci. Inf./sur les Sci. Soci. 13, 65–93 (1974)
Tajfel, H., Turner, J.C.: An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Soc. Psychol. Intergroup Relat. 33(47), 74 (1979)
Kidd, C.D., Taggart, W., Turkle, S.: A sociable robot to encourage social interaction among the elderly. In: Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2006, pp. 3972–3976. IEEE, May 2006
Hirose, M., Ogawa, K.: Honda humanoid robots development. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 365(1850), 11–19 (2007)
Sakamoto, D., Kanda, T., Ono, T., Ishiguro, H., Hagita, N.: Android as a telecommunication medium with a human-like presence. In: 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 193–200. IEEE, March 2007
Dougherty, E.G., Scharfe, H.: Initial formation of trust: designing an interaction with geminoid-DK to promote a positive attitude for cooperation. In: Mutlu, B., Bartneck, C., Ham, J., Evers, V., Kanda, T. (eds.) ICSR 2011. LNCS, vol. 7072, pp. 95–103. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Eyssel, F., Kuchenbrandt, D., Bobinger, S., de Ruiter, L., Hegel, F.: If you sound like me, you must be more human: On the interplay of robot and user features on human-robot acceptance and anthropomorphism. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM/IEEE Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI 2012), Late Breaking Report, Boston, MA, März 2012
McLeod, S.: Social identity theory. Simply Psychology (2008)
Hornsey, M.J., Jetten, J.: Not being what you claim to be: Impostors as sources of group threat. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 33(5), 639–657 (2003)
Hornsey, M.J., Jetten, J.: Not being what you claim to be: Impostors as sources of group threat. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 33(5), 639–657 (2003)
Kuchenbrandt, D., Eyssel, F.: The mental simulation of a human-robot interaction: Positive effects on attitudes and anxiety toward robots. In: 2012 IEEE RO-MAN, pp. 463–468. IEEE, September 2012
Eyssel, F., Kuchenbrandt, D.: Social categorization of social robots: Anthropomorphism as a function of robot group membership. Brit. J. Soc. Psychol. 51(4), 724–731 (2012)
Wang, L., Rau, P.L.P., Evers, V., Robinson, B., Hinds, P.: Responsiveness to robots: effects of ingroup orientation and communication style on HRI in China. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction, pp. 247–248. ACM, March 2009
Wang, L., Rau, P.L.P., Evers, V., Robinson, B.K., Hinds, P.: When in Rome: the role of culture and context in adherence to robot recommendations. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 359–366. IEEE Press, March 2010
Kuchenbrandt, D., Eyssel, F., Bobinger, S., Neufeld, M.: Minimal group - maximal effect? evaluation and anthropomorphization of the humanoid robot NAO. In: Mutlu, B., Bartneck, C., Ham, J., Evers, V., Kanda, T. (eds.) ICSR 2011. LNCS, vol. 7072, pp. 104–113. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Otten, S., Wentura, D.: About the impact of automaticity in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Evidence from affective priming tasks. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 29(8), 1049–1071 (1999)
Kanda, T., Sato, R., Saiwaki, N., Ishiguro, H.: A two-month field trial in an elementary school for long-term human–robot interac-tion. Robot. IEEE Trans. 23(5), 962–971 (2007)
Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A.: Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93(3), 369 (2007)
MacDorman, K.F., Entezari, S.O.: Individual differences predict sensitivity to the uncanny valley. Interact Stud. 16(2), 141172 (2015). doi:10.1075/is.16.2.01mac
MacDorman, K.F., Vasudevan, S.K., Ho, C.C.: Does Japan really have robot mania? Comparing attitudes by implicit and explicit measures. AI Soc. 23(4), 485–510 (2009). doi:10.1007/s00146-008-0181-2
Acknowledgment
This research has been conducted in the framework of the European Project CODEFROR (FP7 PIRSES-2013-612555) and it was supported by the Cluster of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology ‘CITEC’ (EXC 277) at Bielefeld University, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). We thank our colleagues Birte Schiffhauer, Julian Anslinger and Ricarda Wullenkord, who commented on earlier versions of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ferrari, F., Eyssel, F. (2016). Toward a Hybrid Society. In: Agah, A., Cabibihan, JJ., Howard, A., Salichs, M., He, H. (eds) Social Robotics. ICSR 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9979. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47437-3_89
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47437-3_89
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47436-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47437-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)