Abstract
This chapter presents some state of the arts techniques on understanding authors’ intentions during the knowledge graph construction process. In addition, we provide the reader with an overview of the book, as well as a brief introduction of the history and the concept of Knowledge Graph.
We will introduce the notions of explicit author intention and implicit author intention, discuss some approaches for understanding each type of author intentions and show how such understanding can be used in reasoning-based test-driven knowledge graph construction and can help design guidelines for bulk editing, efficient reasoning and increased situational awareness. We will discuss extensively the implications of test driven knowledge graph construction to ontology reasoning.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
Without the use of blank notes (https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#section-blank-nodes).
- 6.
Although there are extensions of OWL for representing default knowledge, which is not included in the current version of OWL.
- 7.
cf. Chap. 2 for an introduction of the DL syntax.
- 8.
In fact, knowledge graphs can be written in some proprietary syntax, as long as such syntax can be mapped to RDF and OWL.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Full negation is beyond EL.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
References
Pan, J.Z., Vetere, G., Gomez-Perez, J.M., Wu, H.: Exploiting Linked Data and Knowledge Graphs for Large Organisations. Springer, Heidelberg (2016)
Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D.L., Nardi, D., Patel-Schneider, P.F.: The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003). ISBN: 0-521-78176-0
Stearns, M.Q., Price, C., Spackman, K.A., Wang, A.Y.: SNOMED clinical terms: overview of the development process and project status. In: Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, p. 662. American Medical Informatics Association (2001)
Rector, A., Drummond, N., Horridge, M., Rogers, J., Knublauch, H., Stevens, R., Wang, H., Wroe, C.: OWL pizzas: practical experience of teaching OWL-DL: common errors & common patterns. In: Motta, E., Shadbolt, N.R., Stutt, A., Gibbins, N. (eds.) EKAW 2004. LNCS, vol. 3257, pp. 63–81. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Dzbor, M., Motta, E., Gomez, J.M., Buil, C., Dellschaft, K., Görlitz, O., Lewen, H.: D4.1.1 analysis of user needs, behaviours & requirements wrt user interfaces for ontology engineering. Technical report, August 2006
Brachman, R.J., Levesque, H.J. (eds.): Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (1985). ISBN: 093461301X
Sowa, J.F.: Semantic networks. In: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. Wiley, New York (1987)
Russell, S.J., Norvig, P.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2010). ISBN: 978-0-13-604259-4
Quillian, M.R.: Word concepts: a theory and simulation of some basic semantic capabilities. Behav. Sci. 12(5), 410–430 (1967)
Minsky, M.: A framework for representing knowledge. In: MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306 (1974). Reprinted in the Winston, P. (ed.) Psychology of Computer Vision. McGraw-Hill (1975)
Hayes, P.J.: The logic of frames. In: Metzing, D. (ed.) Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding, pp. 46–61. Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1979)
Brachman, R.J., Schmolze, J.G.: An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system. Cogn. Sci. 9(2), 171 (1985)
Hayes, P.J., Patel-Schneider, P.F.: RDF 1.1 semantics. W3C Recommendation, February 2014
Pan, J., Horrocks, I.: OWL-Eu: adding customised datatypes into OWL. J. Web Semant. 4(1), 29–39 (2006)
Suchanek, F., Kasneci, G., Weikum, G.: Yago: a core of semantic knowledge. In: Proceedings of the WWW (2007)
Bizer, C., Lehmann, J., Kobilarov, G., Auer, S., Becker, C., Cyganiak, R., Hellmann, S.: Dbpedia-a crystallization point for the web of data. J. Web Semant. 7(3), 154–165 (2009)
Carlson, A., Betteridge, J., Kisiel, B., Settles, B., Hruschka Jr., E., Mitchell, T.: Toward an architecture for never-ending language learning. In: Proceedings of the AAAI (2010)
Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M., Rosati, R.: Tractable reasoning and efficient query answering in description logics: the DL-Lite family. J. Autom. Reason. 39(3), 385–429 (2007)
Baader, F., Brandt, S., Lutz, C.: Pushing the EL envelope further. In: Clark, K., Patel-Schneider, P.F. (eds.) Proceedings of the OWLED 2008 DC Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions (2008)
Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I.: RDFS(FA) and RDF MT: two semantics for RDFS. In: Fensel, D., Sycara, K., Mylopoulos, J. (eds.) ISWC 2003. LNCS, vol. 2870, pp. 30–46. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39718-2_3
Pan, J.Z., Thomas, E.: Approximating OWL-DL ontologies. In: The Proceedings of the 22nd National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2007), pp. 1434–1439 (2007)
Pan, J.Z., Thomas, E., Zhao, Y.: Completeness guaranteed approximation for OWL DL query answering. In: Proceedings of the DL (2009)
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z., Zhao, Y.: Towards scalable reasoning on ontology streams via syntactic approximation. In: The Proceedings of IWOD2010 (2010)
Console, M., Mora, J., Rosati, R., Santarelli, V., Savo, D.F.: Effective computation of maximal sound approximations of description logic ontologies. In: Mika, P., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8797, pp. 164–179. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11915-1_11
Zhou, Y., Nenov, Y., Grau, B., Horrocks, I.: Pay-as-you-go OWL query answering using a triple store. In: Proceedings of the AAAI (2014)
Pan, J.Z., Ren, Y., Zhao, Y.: Tractable approximate deduction for OWL. Artif. Intell. 235, 95–155
Hogan, A., Pan, J.Z., Polleres, A., Decker, S.: SAOR: template rule optimisations for distributed reasoning over 1 billion linked data triples. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) ISWC 2010. LNCS, vol. 6496, pp. 337–353. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17746-0_22
Urbani, J., Kotoulas, S., Maassen, J., Harmelen, F., Bal, H.: OWL reasoning with WebPIE: calculating the closure of 100 billion triples. In: Aroyo, L., Antoniou, G., Hyvönen, E., Teije, A., Stuckenschmidt, H., Cabral, L., Tudorache, T. (eds.) ESWC 2010. LNCS, vol. 6088, pp. 213–227. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13486-9_15
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z., Lee, K.: Parallel ABox reasoning of EL ontologies. In: Proceedings of the First Joint International Conference of Semantic Technology (JIST 2011) (2011)
Du, J., Guilin Qi, Y.-D.S., Pan, J.Z.: A decomposition-based approach to OWL DL ontology diagnosis. In: Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI 2011) (2011)
Urbani, J., Harmelen, F., Schlobach, S., Bal, H.: QueryPIE: backward reasoning for OWL horst over very large knowledge bases. In: Aroyo, L., Welty, C., Alani, H., Taylor, J., Bernstein, A., Kagal, L., Noy, N., Blomqvist, E. (eds.) ISWC 2011. LNCS, vol. 7031, pp. 730–745. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25073-6_46
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z., Lee, K.: Optimising parallel ABox reasoning of EL ontologies. In: Proceedings of the DL (2012)
Heino, N., Pan, J.Z.: RDFS reasoning on massively parallel hardware. In: Cudré-Mauroux, P., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2012. LNCS, vol. 7649, pp. 133–148. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35176-1_9
Fokoue, A., Meneguzzi, F., Sensoy, M., Pan, J.Z.: Querying linked ontological data through distributed summarization. In: Proceedings of the AAAI (2012)
Kazakov, Y., Krtzsch, M., Simank, F.: The incredible ELK. J. Autom. Reason. 53(1), 1–61 (2014)
Getoor, L.: Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning. MIT Press, Cambridge (2007)
De Raedt, L.: Logical and Relational Learning. Springer Science and Business Media, Heidelberg (2008)
Nickel, M., Murphy, K., Tresp, V., Gabrilovich, E.: A review of relational machine learning for knowledge graphs. Proc. IEEE 104(1), 11–33 (2016)
Lehmann, J., Hitzler, P.: A refinement operator based learning algorithm for the \(\cal{ALC}\) description logic. In: Blockeel, H., Ramon, J., Shavlik, J., Tadepalli, P. (eds.) ILP 2007. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 4894, pp. 147–160. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78469-2_17
Vlker, J., Niepert, M
Pan, J.Z., Zhao, Y., Xu, Y., Quan, Z., Zhu, M., Gao, Z.: TBox learning from incomplete data by inference in BelNet+. Knowl. Based Syst. 75, 30–40 (2015)
Alexopoulos, P., Villazon-Terrazas, B., Pan, J.Z.: Towards vagueness-aware semantic data. In: Proceedings of the URSW (2013)
Alexopoulos, P., Peroni, S., Villazon-Terrazas, B., Pan, J.Z.: Annotating ontologies with descriptions of vagueness. In: Proceedings of the ESWC (2014)
Jekjantuk, N., Pan, J.Z., Alexopoulos, P.: Towards a meta-reasoning framework for reasoning about vagueness in OWL ontologies. In: Proceedings of the ICSC (2016)
Sensoy, M., Fokoue, A., Pan, J.Z., Norman, T., Tang, Y., Oren, N., Sycara, K.: Reasoning about uncertain information and conflict resolution through trust revision. In: Proceedings of the AAMAS (2013)
Stoilos, G., Stamou, G., Pan, J.Z.: Fuzzy extensions of OWL: logical properties and reduction to fuzzy description logics. Int. J. Approx. Reason. 51(6), 656–679 (2010)
Lécué, F., Pan, J.Z.: Predicting knowledge in an ontology stream. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2013, Beijing, China, 3–9 August 2013 (2013). http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/IJCAI/IJCAI13/paper/view/6608
Lecue, F., Pan, J.Z.: Consistent knowledge discovery from evolving ontologies. In: Proceedings of the AAAI (2015)
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z.: Optimising ontology stream reasoning with truth maintenance system. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2011) (2011)
Kazakov, Y., Klinov, P.: Incremental reasoning in OWL EL without bookkeeping. In: Alani, H., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2013. LNCS, vol. 8218, pp. 232–247. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41335-3_15
Urbani, J., Margara, A., Jacobs, C., Harmelen, F., Bal, H.: DynamiTE: parallel materialization of dynamic RDF data. In: Alani, H., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2013. LNCS, vol. 8218, pp. 657–672. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41335-3_41
Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z., Guclu, I., Kollingbaum, M.: A combined approach to incremental reasoning for EL ontologies. In: Ortiz, M., Schlobach, S. (eds.) RR 2016. LNCS, vol. 9898, pp. 167–183. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45276-0_13
Nguyen, H.H., Beel, D., Webster, G., Mellish, C., Pan, J.Z., Wallace, C.: CURIOS mobile: linked data exploitation for tourist mobile apps in rural areas. In: Supnithi, T., Yamaguchi, T., Pan, J.Z., Wuwongse, V., Buranarach, M. (eds.) JIST 2014. LNCS, vol. 8943, pp. 129–145. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15615-6_10
Botoeva, E., Kontchakov, R., Ryzhikov, V., Wolter, F., Zakharyaschev, M.: Games for query inseparability of description logic knowledge bases. Artif. Intell. 234, 78–119 (2016). doi:10.1016/j.artint.2016.01.010. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370216300017
Botoeva, E., Lutz, C., Ryzhikov, V., Wolter, F., Zakharyaschev, M.: Query-based entailment and inseparability for ALC ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2016), pp. 1001–1007 (2016)
Nguyen, H., Valincius, E., Pan, J.Z.: A power consumption benchmark framework for ontology reasoning on android devices. In: Proceedings of the 4th OWL Reasoner Evaluation Workshop (ORE) (2015)
Guclu, I., Li, Y.-F., Pan, J.Z., Kollingbaum, M.J.: Predicting energy consumption of ontology reasoning over mobile devices. In: Groth, P., Simperl, E., Gray, A., Sabou, M., Krötzsch, M., Lecue, F., Flöck, F., Gil, Y. (eds.) ISWC 2016. LNCS, vol. 9981, pp. 289–304. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46523-4_18
Konev, B., Lutz, C., Walther, D., Wolter, F.: Model-theoretic inseparability and modularity of description logic ontologies. Artif. Intell. 203, 66–103 (2013)
Konev, B., Lutz, C., Wolter, F., Zakharyaschev, M.: Conservative rewritability of description logic TBoxes. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2016) (2016)
Lutz, C., Wolter, F.: Deciding inseparability and conservative extensions in the description logic EL. J. Symbolic Comput. 45(2), 194–228 (2010)
Kostylev, E.V., Reutter, J.L., Vrgoč, D.: Containment of data graph queries. In: ICDT, pp. 131–142 (2014)
Kostylev, E.V., Reutter, J.L., Vrgoč, D.: Static analysis of navigational XPath over graph databases. Inf. Process. Lett. 116(7), 467–474 (2016)
Libkin, L., Martens, W., VrgoÄŤ, D.: Querying graphs with data. J. ACM 63(2), 14 (2016)
Baader, F., Bienvenu, M., Lutz, C., Wolter, F.: Query and predicate emptiness in ontology-based data access. J. Artif. Intell. Res. (JAIR) 56, 1–59 (2016)
Bienvenu, M., Bourgaux, C., Goasdoué, F.: Explaining inconsistency-tolerant query answering over description logic knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (2016)
Bienvenu, M., Bourgaux, C., Goasdoué, F.: Query-driven repairing of inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2016)
Lord, P.: The semantic web takes wing: programming ontologies with Tawny-OWL. In: OWLED 2013 (2013). http://www.russet.org.uk/blog/2366
Denaux, R., Dimitrova, V., Cohn, A.G., Dolbear, C., Hart, G.: Rabbit to OWL: ontology authoring with a CNL-based tool. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) CNL 2009. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 5972, pp. 246–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14418-9_15
Power, R.: OWL simplified english: a finite-state language for ontology editing. In: Kuhn, T., Fuchs, N.E. (eds.) CNL 2012. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7427, pp. 44–60. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32612-7_4
Liebig, T., Noppens, O.: OntoTrack: a semantic approach for ontology authoring. Web Semant. Sci. Serv. Agents World Wide Web 3(2), 116–131 (2005)
Denaux, R., Thakker, D., Dimitrova, V., Cohn, A.G.: Interactive semantic feedback for intuitive ontology authoring. In: FOIS, pp. 160–173 (2012)
Uschold, M., Gruninger, M., et al.: Ontologies: principles, methods and applications. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 11(2), 93–136 (1996)
Suárez-Figueroa, M.C., Gómez-Pérez, A., Motta, E., Gangemi, A.: Ontology Engineering in a Networked World. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Fernandes, P.C.B., Guizzardi, R.S., Guizzardi, G.: Using goal modeling to capture competency questions in ontology-based systems. J. Inf. Data Manag. 2(3), 527 (2011)
Ren, Y., Parvizi, A., Mellish, C., Pan, J.Z., Deemter, K., Stevens, R.: Towards competency question-driven ontology authoring. In: Presutti, V., d’Amato, C., Gandon, F., d’Aquin, M., Staab, S., Tordai, A. (eds.) ESWC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8465, pp. 752–767. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07443-6_50
Zemmouchi-Ghomari, L., Ghomari, A.R.: Translating natural language competency questions into SPARQL queries: a case study. In: WEB 2013, pp. 81–86 (2013)
Malheiros, Y., Freitas, F.: A method to develop description logic ontologies iteratively based on competency questions: an implementation. In: ONTOBRAS, pp. 142–153 (2013)
Beaver, D.: Presupposition. In: van Benthem, J., ter Meulen, A. (eds.) The Handbook of Logic and Language, pp. 939–1008. Elsevier (1997)
Vigo, M., Jay, C., Stevens, R.: Design insights for the next wave ontology authoring tools. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2014, pp. 1555–1558 (2014). ISBN: 978-1-4503-2473-1. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557284
Vigo, M., Bail, S., Jay, C., Stevens, R.: Overcoming the pitfalls of ontology authoring: strategies and implications for tool design. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 72(12), 835–845 (2014). ISSN: 1071–5819. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.07.005, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581914001013
Vigo, M., Jay, C., Stevens, R.: Constructing conceptual knowledge artefacts: activity patterns in the ontology authoring process. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2015, pp. 3385–3394 (2015). ISBN: 978-1-4503-3145-6. doi:10.1145/2702123.2702495
Vigo, M., Jay, C., Stevens, R.: Protégé4US: harvesting ontology authoring data with Protégé. In: Presutti, V., Blomqvist, E., Troncy, R., Sack, H., Papadakis, I., Tordai, A. (eds.) ESWC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8798, pp. 86–99. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11955-7_8
Grau, B.C., Halaschek-Wiener, C., Kazakov, Y., Suntisrivaraporn, B.: Incremental classification of description logics ontologies. J. Autom. Reason. 44(4), 337–369 (2010)
Gonalves, R.S.: Impact analysis in description logic ontologies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester (2014)
Matentzoglu, N., Vigo, M., Jay, C., Stevens, R.: Making entailment set changes explicit improves the understanding of consequences of ontology authoring actions. In: Blomqvist, E., Ciancarini, P., Poggi, F., Vitali, F. (eds.) EKAW 2016. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10024, pp. 432–446. Springer, Heidelberg (2016). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49004-5_28
Parvizi, A., Mellish, C., van Deemter, K., Ren, Y., Pan, J.Z.: Selecting ontology entailments for presentation to users. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development, KEOD 2014, Rome, Italy, 21–24 October 2014, pp. 382–387 (2014). doi:10.5220/0005136203820387
Acknowledgments
This research has been partially funded by the EPSRC WhatIf project (EP/J014176/1) and the EU Marie Curie IAPP K-Drive project (286348). In particular, we would like to thank our colleagues Yuan Ren, Artemis Parvizi, Chris Mellish and Kees van Deemter from the University of Aberdeen and Robert Stevens from the University of Manchester for their joint work on ontology authoring.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pan, J.Z., Matentzoglu, N., Jay, C., Vigo, M., Zhao, Y. (2017). Understanding Author Intentions: Test Driven Knowledge Graph Construction. In: Pan, J., et al. Reasoning Web: Logical Foundation of Knowledge Graph Construction and Query Answering. Reasoning Web 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9885. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49493-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49493-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-49492-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-49493-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)