Abstract
In this paper, we propose a framework to detect driver drowsiness from video sequences for an advanced driver assistance system. Our method extracts the effective facial descriptors to describe the drowsiness based on face alignment, and classifies the driver facial states via random forest (RF), finally short-term voting and long-term correlation are applied to output smooth results with long-term memory. In particular, the proposed descriptors can encode both shape and local appearance by the located facial landmarks, and utilize the information from multiple frames to enhance the reliability. The classification and alignment based on RF structure are very efficient for drowsiness detection. Our system can obtain 94% accuracy on our F-DDD dataset and 88.18% accuracy on the evaluating set of NTHU-DDD dataset, meanwhile, the implementation achieves 22 FPS for 640 \(\times \!\) 480 videos.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
World Health Organization: Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013: Supporting a Decade of Action: Summary. World Health Organization, Geneva (2013)
Colic, A., Marques, O., Furht, B.: Driver Drowsiness Detection - Systems and Solutions. Springer Briefs in Computer Science. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Wang, J., Gong, Y.: Recognition of multiple drivers’ emotional state. In: ICPR, 8–11 December 2008, pp. 1–4 (2008)
Smith, P., Shah, M., da Vitoria Lobo, N.: Determining driver visual attention with one camera. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 4, 205–218 (2003)
Rezaei, M., Klette, R.: Look at the driver, look at the road: no distraction! no accident! In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 129–136 (2014)
Liu, W., Song, C., Wang, Y.: Facial expression recognition based on discriminative dictionary learning. In: ICPR, 11–15 November 2012, pp. 1839–1842 (2012)
Chew, S.W., Lucey, S., Lucey, P., Sridharan, S., Conn, J.F.: Improved facial expression recognition via uni-hyperplane classification. In: CVPR, 16–21 June 2012, pp. 2554–2561 (2012)
Liu, P., Han, S., Meng, Z., Tong, Y.: Facial expression recognition via a boosted deep belief network. In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 1805–1812 (2014)
Sun, Y., Yin, L.: Facial expression recognition based on 3D dynamic range model sequences. In: Forsyth, D., Torr, P., Zisserman, A. (eds.) ECCV 2008. LNCS, vol. 5303, pp. 58–71. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88688-4_5
Drira, H., Amor, B.B., Daoudi, M., Srivastava, A., Berretti, S.: 3D dynamic expression recognition based on a novel deformation vector field and random forest. In: ICPR, 11–15 November 2012, pp. 1104–1107 (2012)
Wang, Z., Wang, S., Ji, Q.: Capturing complex spatio-temporal relations among facial muscles for facial expression recognition. In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2013, pp. 3422–3429 (2013)
Jung, H., Lee, S., Yim, J., Park, S., Kim, J.: Joint fine-tuning in deep neural networks for facial expression recognition. In: ICCV, 7–13 December 2015, pp. 2983–2991 (2015)
Geng, X., Xia, Y.: Head pose estimation based on multivariate label distribution. In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 1837–1842 (2014)
Demirkus, M., Precup, D., Clark, J.J., Arbel, T.: Probabilistic temporal head pose estimation using a hierarchical graphical model. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8689, pp. 328–344. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_22
Shi, T., Liang, M., Hu, X.: A reverse hierarchy model for predicting eye fixations. In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 2822–2829 (2014)
Burgos-Artizzu, X.P., Perona, P., Dollár, P.: Robust face landmark estimation under occlusion. In: ICCV, 1–8 December 2013, pp. 1513–1520 (2013)
Wu, Y., Ji, Q.: Robust facial landmark detection under significant head poses and occlusion. In: ICCV 2015, 7–13 December 2015, pp. 3658–3666 (2015)
Zhu, X., Ramanan, D.: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: CVPR, 16–21 June 2012, pp. 2879–2886 (2012)
Ren, S., Cao, X., Wei, Y., Sun, J.: Face alignment at 3000 FPS via regressing local binary features. In: CVPR, 23–28 June 2014, pp. 1685–1692 (2014)
Taini, M., Zhao, G., Li, S.Z., Pietikäinen, M.: Facial expression recognition from near-infrared video sequences. In: ICPR, 8–11 December 2008, pp. 1–4 (2008)
Shirakata, T., Tanida, K., Nishiyama, J., Hirata, Y.: Detect the imperceptible drowsiness. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Electron. Electr. Syst. 3, 98–108 (2010)
Nakamura, T., Maejima, A., Morishima, S.: Detection of driver’s drowsy facial expression. In: 2nd IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition, ACPR 2013, Naha, Japan, 5–8 November 2013, pp. 749–753 (2013)
Akrout, B., Mahdi, W.: Spatio-temporal features for the automatic control of driver drowsiness state and lack of concentration. Mach. Vis. Appl. 26, 1–13 (2015)
Criminisi, A., Shotton, J., Konukoglu, E.: Decision forests: a unified framework for classification, regression, density estimation, manifold learning and semi-supervised learning. Found. Trends Comput. Graph. Vis. 7, 81–227 (2012)
Danelljan, M., Häger, G., Khan, F.S., Felsberg, M.: Accurate scale estimation for robust visual tracking. In: British Machine Vision Conference, BMVC 2014, Nottingham, UK, 1–5 September 2014 (2014)
Chen, D., Yuan, Z., Wu, Y., Zhang, G., Zheng, N.: Constructing adaptive complex cells for robust visual tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE ICCV, pp. 1113–1120 (2013)
Chen, D., Yuan, Z., Hua, G., Wu, Y., Zheng, N.: Description-discrimination collaborative tracking. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8689, pp. 345–360. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_23
Chen, D., Yuan, Z., Hua, G., Wang, J., Zheng, N.: Multi-timescale collaborative tracking. IEEE TPAMI (2016). doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2539956
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB351703), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB1001001), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61573280).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lyu, J., Zhang, H., Yuan, Z. (2017). Joint Shape and Local Appearance Features for Real-Time Driver Drowsiness Detection. In: Chen, CS., Lu, J., Ma, KK. (eds) Computer Vision – ACCV 2016 Workshops. ACCV 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54526-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54526-4_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54525-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54526-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)