Skip to main content

Driver Drowsiness Detection via a Hierarchical Temporal Deep Belief Network

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNIP,volume 10118))

Abstract

Drowsy driver alert systems have been developed to minimize and prevent car accidents. Existing vision-based systems are usually restricted to using visual cues, depend on tedious parameter tuning, or cannot work under general conditions. One additional crucial issue is the lack of public datasets that can be used to evaluate the performance of different methods. In this paper, we introduce a novel hierarchical temporal Deep Belief Network (HTDBN) method for drowsy detection. Our scheme first extracts high-level facial and head feature representations and then use them to recognize drowsiness-related symptoms. Two continuous-hidden Markov models are constructed on top of the DBNs. These are used to model and capture the interactive relations between eyes, mouth and head motions. We also collect a large comprehensive dataset containing various ethnicities, genders, lighting conditions and driving scenarios in pursuit of wide variations of driver videos. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed HTDBN framework in detecting drowsiness based on different visual cues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bergasa, L., Nuevo, J., Sotelo, M., Barea, R., Lopez, M.: Real-time system for monitoring driver vigilance. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 7, 63–77 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization: Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action: summary. World Health Organization (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wheaton, G., Shults, R.: Drowsy driving and risk behaviors 10 states and Puerto Rico. Online article (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. National Sleep Foundation: Drowsy driving reduction act of 2015 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Colic, A., Marques, O., Furht, B.: Driver Drowsiness Detection: Systems and Solutions. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Mercedes-Benz: Attention assist: drowsiness-detection system warns drivers to prevent them falling asleep momentarily. Online article (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Teyeb, I., Jemai, O., Zaied, M., Ben Amar, C.: A drowsy driver detection system based on a new method of head posture estimation. In: Corchado, E., Lozano, J.A., Quintián, H., Yin, H. (eds.) IDEAL 2014. LNCS, vol. 8669, pp. 362–369. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10840-7_44

    Google Scholar 

  8. Qiang, J., Lan, P., Looney, C.: A probabilistic framework for modeling and real-time monitoring human fatigue. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A: Syst. Hum. 36, 862–875 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lucey, P., Cohn, J., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., Matthews, I.: The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): a complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wu, D., Shao, L.: Leveraging hierarchical parametric networks for skeletal joints based action segmentation and recognition. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 724–731 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Yang, G., Lin, Y., Bhattacharya, P.: A driver fatigue recognition model based on information fusion and dynamic Bayesian network. Inf. Sci. 180, 1942–1954 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ji, Q., Zhu, Z., Lan, P.: Real-time nonintrusive monitoring and prediction of driver fatigue. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 53, 1052–1068 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mohamed, A., Dahl, G., Hinton, G.: Acoustic modeling using deep belief networks. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 20, 14–22 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dasgupta, A., George, A., Happy, S., Routray, A.: A vision-based system for monitoring the loss of attention in automotive drivers. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 14, 1825–1838 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Alioua, N., Amine, A., Rziza, M.: Drivers fatigue detection based on yawning extraction. Int. J. Veh. Technol. 2014 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Rezaei, M., Klette, R.: Look at the driver, look at the road: no distraction! No accident! In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 129–136 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Smith, P., Shah, M., da Vitoria Lobo, N.: Determining driver visual attention with one camera. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 4, 205–218 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Eskandarian, A., Sayed, R.: Analysis of driver impairment, fatigue, and drowsiness and an unobtrusive vehicle-based detection scheme. In: Proceeding of International Conference on Traffic Accidents (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Taylor, G., Hinton, G., Roweis, S.: Modeling human motion using binary latent variables. In: Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 1345–1352 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hinton, G., Osindero, S.: A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural Comput. 18 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., Wolf, L.: Deepface: closing the gap to human-level performance in face verification. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1701–1708 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Xiong, X., de la Torre, F.: Supervised descent method and its application to face alignment. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 532–539 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  23. DeMenthon, F., Davis, L.: Model-based object pose in 25 lines of code. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 15, 123–141 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Heo, J., Savvides, M.: Gender and ethnicity specific generic elastic models from a single 2D image for novel 2D pose face synthesis and recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34, 2341–2350 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Yang, X., Tian, Y.: Eigenjoints-based action recognition using naive-bayes-nearest-neighbor. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 14–19 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Pereira, F., Burges, C.J.C., Bottou, L., Weinberger, K.Q. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25, pp. 1097–1105. Curran Associates Inc, Red Hook (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hinton, G.E.: A practical guide to training restricted Boltzmann machines. In: Montavon, G., Orr, G.B., Müller, K.-R. (eds.) Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade. LNCS, vol. 7700, 2nd edn, pp. 599–619. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35289-8_32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Freund, Y., Haussler, D.: Unsupervised learning of distributions on binary vectors using two layer networks. Technical report, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yang, L., Widjaja, B., Prasad, R.: Application of hidden Markov models for signature verification. Pattern Recogn. 28, 161–170 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Devijver, P.A.: Baum’s forward-backward algorithm revisited. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 3, 369–373 (1985)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Abtahi, S., Omidyeganeh, M., Shirmohammadi, S., Hariri, B.: YawDD: a yawning detection dataset. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, pp. 24–28. ACM (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Omidyeganeh, M., Shirmohammadi, S., Abtahi, S., Khurshid, A., Farhan, M., Scharcanski, J., Hariri, B., Laroche, D., Martel, L.: Yawning detection using embedded smart cameras. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 65, 570–582 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang, W., Murphey, Y.L., Wang, T., Xu, Q.: Driver yawning detection based on deep convolutional neural learning and robust nose tracking. In: 2015 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Qualcomm Technologies Inc. for supporting this research work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shang-Hong Lai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Weng, CH., Lai, YH., Lai, SH. (2017). Driver Drowsiness Detection via a Hierarchical Temporal Deep Belief Network. In: Chen, CS., Lu, J., Ma, KK. (eds) Computer Vision – ACCV 2016 Workshops. ACCV 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54526-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54526-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54525-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54526-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics