Abstract
Demand Response (DR) solutions for tank electric water heaters (WHs) let residential consumers benefit financially, however, a negative impact of DR on personal comfort may force users to reject them. To facilitate DR implementation in practice, there is a need to consider the end-user’s comfort. Typically, DR for WHs concerns only the user satisfaction with a variable water temperature. This paper extends the conventional control by considering the tap water flow as a variable during water activities. The main contributions of this paper are (i) a model to relate user comfort with the tap water flow rate, (ii) the control mechanism consisting of the pre-heating control and the flow control to maintain the user comfort. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed control coupled with the suggested user interface can inform about available trade-offs between energy consumption and comfort, and thus can help the user to rationally save energy for water heating.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ewz-studie smart metering project (2015). https://www.ewz.ch/smartmetering
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2015). http://www3.epa.gov/watersense/products/bathroom_sink_faucets.html
Belov, A., Vasenev, A., Meratnia, N., Havinga, P.J.: User interface for manual balancing of comfort and energy consumption of domestic water heaters. In: Proceedings of European Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Conference 2016. Energiesparverband, February 2016
Belov, A., Vasenev, A., Meratnia, N., van der Zwaag, B.J., Havinga, P.J.: Reducing user discomfort in direct load control of domestic water heaters. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia), pp. 1–6. IEEE, November 2015. Online ISSN IEEE Xplore = 2378–8542
Belov, A., Meratnia, N., van der Zwaag, B.J., Havinga, P.J.: An efficient water flow control approach for water heaters in direct load control. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 9(11), 2106–2120 (2014)
Caramia, M., Dell’Olmo, P.: Multi-objective Management in Freight Logistics: Increasing Capacity Service Level and Safety with Optimization Algorithms. Springer, London (2008)
European Commission: Energy efficiency plan 2011, March 2011
European Commission: Smart grids: From innovation to deployment’, communication from the commission to the european parliament (2011). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0202:FIN:EN:PDF
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, et al.: Assessment of demand response and advanced metering (2006)
Crosswater Digital (2015). http://www.crosswater.co.uk
E.E. Directive: Directive 2009/72/ec of the European parliament and of the council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity. Offic. J. Eur. Comm. 211, 55–93 (2009)
E.E. Directive: Directive 2010/31/eu of the European parliament and of the council of 19 May 2010 on on the energy performance of buildings. Offic. J. L, 1–35 (2010)
E.E. Directive: Directive 2012/27/eu of the European parliament and of the council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending directives 2009/125/ec and 2010/30/eu and repealing directives 2004/8/ec and 2006/32. Offic. J. L 315, 1–56 (2012)
Dlamini, N.G., Cromieres, F.: Implementing peak load reduction algorithms for household electrical appliances. Energy Policy 44, 280–290 (2012)
US DOE: Energyplus engineering reference. The Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations (2013)
Dolan, P., Nehrir, M., Gerez, V.: Development of a monte carlo based aggregate model for residential electric water heater loads. Electric Power Syst. Res. 36(1), 29–35 (1996)
Du, P., Lu, N.: Appliance commitment for household load scheduling. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(2), 411–419 (2011)
EngineeringToolbox: Average water usage per activity. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-use-activity-d_1900.html
EC Smart Grids Task Force: Task force for smart grids, vision and work programme. European commission (2010). https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/markets-and-consumers/smart-grids-and-meters/smart-grids-task-force
Giordano, V., Gangale, F., Fulli, G., Sanchez Jimenez, M.: Smart grid projects in Europe: lessons learned and current developments. European Commission, Joint Research Center. Institute for Energy, The Netherlands (2011)
Giorgio, A., Pimpinella, L.: An event driven smart home controller enabling consumer economic saving and automated demand side management. Appl. Energy 96, 92–103 (2012)
C2G to Grid Project (2012). http://energyit.ict.tuwien.ac.at/projekte/abgeschlossene-projekte/53
Honeywell (2015). http://yourhome.honeywell.com
InterNACHI: Inspecting water heater tanks in residential dwelling units. Course document. Technical report, International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (2015)
Jorgensen, J., Sorensen, S., Behnke, K., Eriksen, P.B.: Ecogrid eua prototype for European smart grids. In: 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–7. IEEE (2011)
Kaye, J.: Action a2a development of concept and offering renew: development of concept and offering. Technical report, Energy Saving Trust Limited, Waterwise Project (2009)
Kondoh, J., Lu, N., Hammerstrom, D.J.: An evaluation of the water heater load potential for providing regulation service. In: 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–8. IEEE (2011)
Koutitas, G.: Control of flexible smart devices in the smart grid. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 3(3), 1333–1343 (2012)
Lane, I., Beute, N.: A model of the domestic hot water load. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 11(4), 1850–1855 (1996)
Lu, N., Katipamula, S.: Control strategies of thermostatically controlled appliances in a competitive electricity market. In: IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 202–207. IEEE (2005)
Lu, N., Zhang, Y.: Design considerations of a centralized load controller using thermostatically controlled appliances for continuous regulation reserves. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 4(2), 914–921 (2013)
SETIS Magazine: Demand response - empowering the European consumer, March 2014. https://setis.ec.europa.eu/publications/setis-magazine/smart-grids/demand-response-empowering-european-consumer
Nest, P.A.: (2015). https://nest.com/uk/thermostat/meet-nest-thermostat/
Bertoldi, P., Hirl, B., Labanca, N.: Energy efficiency status report. Offic. J. L, 1–141 (2012)
Pedrasa, M.A., Spooner, E., MacGill, I.: Improved energy services provision through the intelligent control of distributed energy resources. In: 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, pp. 1–8. IEEE (2009)
Pflugradt, N.: Load profile generator - user manual (2015). http://www.loadprofilegenerator.de
E.S.M. Project (2011). http://www.esb.ie/main/sustainability/smart-meters.jsp
Robertson, V.J., Ward, A., Low, J., Reed, A.: Electrotherapy Explained: Principles and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences, London (2006)
Sæle, H., Grande, O.S.: Demand response from household customers: experiences from a pilot study in norway. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2(1), 102–109 (2011)
Sepulveda, A., Paull, L., Morsi, W.G., Li, H., Diduch, C., Chang, L.: A novel demand side management program using water heaters and particle swarm optimization. In: 2010 IEEE Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), pp. 1–5. IEEE (2010)
Sharon Mecum, Q.C.: A wish list for residential direct load control customers. Panels of the 2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (2002)
Stepon (2015). http://www.stepon.com.cn/en/ViewPro.aspx?PID=9
Viola, D.W.: Water Temperature Control and Limitation. Plumbing Manufacturers Institute, Schaumberg (2002)
Widén, J., Lundh, M., Vassileva, I., Dahlquist, E., Ellegård, K., Wäckelgård, E.: Constructing load profiles for household electricity and hot water from time-use data–modelling approach and validation. Energy Build. 41(7), 753–768 (2009)
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our gratitude to the Go-Green and JPI IRENE projects.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Belov, A., Vasenev, A., Meratnia, N., Havinga, P.J.M. (2017). Enhancing User Comfort in Demand Response Solutions for Water Heaters: User-Centric Hot Water Management. In: Helfert, M., Klein, C., Donnellan, B., Gusikhin, O. (eds) Smart Cities, Green Technologies, and Intelligent Transport Systems. VEHITS SMARTGREENS 2016 2016. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 738. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63712-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63712-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63711-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63712-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)