Abstract
Inter-domain routing is a crucial part of the Internet designed for arbitrary policies, economical models, and topologies. This versatility translates into a substantially complex system that is hard to comprehend. Monitoring the inter-domain routing infrastructure is however essential for understanding the current state of the Internet and improving it. In this paper we design a methodology to answer two simple questions: Which are the common transit networks used to reach a certain AS? How much does this AS depend on these transit networks? To answer these questions we digest AS paths advertised with the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) into AS graphs and measure node centrality (i.e. the likelihood of an AS to lie on paths between two other ASes). Our proposal relies solely on the AS hegemony metric, a new way to quantify node centrality while taking into account the bias towards the partial view offered by BGP. Our analysis using 14 years of BGP data refines our knowledge on Internet flattening but also exhibits the consolidated position of tier-1 networks in today’s IPv4 and IPv6 Internet. We also study the connectivity to two content providers (Google and Akamai) and investigate the AS dependency of networks hosting DNS root servers. These case studies emphasize the benefits of our method to assist ISPs in planning and assessing infrastructure deployment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AS Hegemony Results (2017). http://ihr.iijlab.net/ihr/hegemony/
Cittadini, L., Muhlbauer, W., Uhlig, S., Bush, R., François, P., Maennel, O.: Evolution of internet address space deaggregation: myths and reality. IEEE JSAC 8(28), 1238–1249 (2010)
Comarela, G., Terzi, E., Crovella, M.: Detecting unusually-routed ases: methods and applications. In: IMC, pp. 445–459. ACM (2016)
Dhamdhere, A., Luckie, M., Huffaker, B., Elmokashfi, A., Aben, E., et al.: Measuring the deployment of ipv6: topology, routing and performance. In: IMC, pp. 537–550. ACM (2012)
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., Aben, E.: As hegemony: a robust metric for as centrality. In: Proceedings of the SIGCOMM Posters and Demos, pp. 48–50. ACM (2017)
Gamba, J., Fontugne, R., Pelsser, C., Bush, R., Aben, E.: BGP table fragmentation: what & who? In: CoRes (2017)
Grant, D.: Delivering Dot (2017). https://blog.cloudflare.com/f-root/
Pan, E.H.: Gigabit/ATM Monthly Newsletter. Information Gatekeepers Inc., November 2009
Karlin, J., Forrest, S., Rexford, J.: Nation-state routing: censorship, wiretapping, and BGP. CoRR, abs/0903.3218 2009
Lee, S.H., Kim, P.-J., Jeong, H.: Statistical properties of sampled networks. Phys. Rev. E 73, 016102 (2006)
Liu, Y., Luo, X., Chang, R.K., Su, J.: Characterizing inter-domain rerouting by betweenness centrality after disruptive events. IEEE JSAC 31(6), 1147–1157 (2013)
Mahadevan, P., Krioukov, D., Fomenkov, M., Dimitropoulos, X., Claffy, K.C., Vahdat, A.: The internet as-level topology: three data sources and one definitive metric. In: SIGCOMM CCR, vol. 36(1), pp. 17–26 (2006)
Orsini, C., King, A., Giordano, D., Giotsas, V., Dainotti, A.: BGPstream: a software framework for live and historical BGP data analysis. In: IMC, pp. 429–444. ACM (2016)
Root Operators. B-Root Begins Anycast in May (2017). http://root-servers.org/news/b-root-begins-anycast-in-may.txt
Schuchard, M., Mohaisen, A., Foo Kune, D., Hopper, N., Kim, Y., Vasserman, E.Y.: Losing control of the internet: using the data plane to attack the control plane. In: CCS, pp. 726–728. ACM (2010)
Toonk, A.: BGP leak causing Internet outages in Japan and beyond, August 2017. https://bgpmon.net/bgp-leak-causing-internet-outages-in-japan-and-beyond/
Wählisch, M., Schmidt, T.C., de Brün, M., Häberlen, T.: Exposing a nation-centric view on the german internet – a change in perspective on AS-Level. In: Taft, N., Ricciato, F. (eds.) PAM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7192, pp. 200–210. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28537-0_20
Zhou, S., Mondragón, R.J.: Accurately modeling the internet topology. Phys. Rev. E 70(6), 066108 (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fontugne, R., Shah, A., Aben, E. (2018). The (Thin) Bridges of AS Connectivity: Measuring Dependency Using AS Hegemony. In: Beverly, R., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A. (eds) Passive and Active Measurement. PAM 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10771. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76481-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76481-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76480-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76481-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)