Abstract
We present a first overview with regard to a set of users of interactive systems who, by some members of the social sciences, are regarded as simple goods or customers because of the revenue they generate in R&D pseudo-projects. Both in the EU as well as in America those “pseudo-projects” are often totally financed by the public or private sector. Besides, we establish the north of the compass, looking at a real crossroads that millions of users must face daily in the view of pseudo scientists who do not have either the theoretical and/or practical knowledge, nor the competence and human skills in the treatment towards that kind of users. Finally, we explain a set of heuristic techniques to discover those pseudo scientific investigations, such as the profile of those professionals not capable of such research.
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1 Introduction
Currently, one of the main problems inside of the field of HCI is to detect the real motivations why certain types of research are carried out, and whether they respond to scientific or commercial character. These two words are separated by an “or” and not an “and” which from the point of view of logical programming are two different things and mark flows that diverge (or) or converge (and). In the case of the field of HCI since the late 90s, there has always been a divergence between the activities on which the contents of the first theoretical, experimental, research and development works should be grounded to establish the foundations of the labs in the context of HCI in Spain [1]. A “natural” field for their birth at the time was the multimedia sector with subjects pertaining to dynamic and static media, usability engineering, hypermedia programming; the evaluation and auditing of interactive systems; computer graphics and animation among others. These are all natural domains where a balance between theories and experimental practices existed [2].
However, in other “artificial” domains, such as a Department of Computer, Architecture and Technology, in Basque Country, where fields of study range from disability to the web accessibility, affective computation, augmentative communication, mobility and manipulation; ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence, user modelling and adaptive interfaces, etc. Theoretically, they have a lab for special needs. Therefore, all that which escaped the pattern of the special needs, had to be physically destroyed, as the first HCI Lab in Barcelona (Ramon Llull University, 1997–1999) was, because it didn’t accept the rulings of such pressure groups, having to digest the “normal” contents to the disabled. This does not mean that the disabled, the children and the elderly are not important as a subject of study, the very opposite is true. It is “unnatural” and “ilogical” that they become just a source of revenue ad eternum for the universities. Besides, it is the population without disabilities who have to work to maintain all those who are disabled, for instance. When there are millions of unemployed in the local communities, graduates who migrate en masse abroad, closing of hospitals, cuts in the educational system and a long etcetera as consequence of the worst financial crisis in the last decades, the priorities in the high centres of study are others, the focus is, for example, the analysis of the failure of the industrial, business, financial, educational models, etc. [3].
The first Barcelona lab, without any kind of subsidies, was starting to publish in the main international congresses such as HCI International, and in the Spanish technical press. They, after six years since their foundation, see their first works published in the abc database, considering, on top of that, that they have in their history benefactors such as banking entities, the ONCE (Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles –National Organization of Spanish blind people), among many others, foundations, organizations, associations. Faced with the appearance of the first Barcelona lab, rebel to the dictates of the dictatorial regime of the Basque Country and Lerida, they activated a kind of national association where the members paid higher fees to the yearly inscriptions to the ACM or IEEE. Since their beginnings, a retrograde character to the principles of the sciences could be appreciated, since they were not only secluded in their regions, as it can be seen in the venues of the congresses they carried out, but also in the non-incorporation of foreigners at the top levels of the direction. Then, when from the first Barcelona lab two other associations were activated, with a yearly fee equal to zero cents of euro and with an international character, automatically they also became an international association. Regrettably, since the 90s they have kept on constantly attacking all that they can not control, disseminating in the four cardinal points the Garduña –it is a mythical secret criminal society said to have been founded in Spain in the late Middle Ages– Factor or “G” Factor.
2 The Pink Color of the HCI
The “G” factor has found a great ally in the female sector, hired part-time (female professors and researchers, etc.) inside the universities, especially in the field of the European HCI. Although the reality of the feminine presence, according to the “Digital Equality for Woman?” (www.rolandberger.com) study does not reach 17%, in the context of the ICTs, in the domain of the HCI, the reality has other negative perspectives. In the first place, there is a kind of progressive concentration of powers, generating a radial structure which transcends the limits of a city, province, region, state, similar to other destructive structures. It is this kind of structure that allows to connect with other radial structures of stars in the field of HCI with the European peripheral areas from a geographical point of view such as the Scandinavian peninsula, the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, etc. Here is the reason why the interest towards the disabled spreads quickly to other academic realities in the old continent. These female researchers, professors, etc., have an interest in the underdog sectors of the society; the poor, blind, elderly, children, etc., with their peers and colleagues, usually have a radicalized source of exclusion, with which they slow down the obtainment of neutral and objective results in the HCI. Besides, they favour the endless width of topics that must be addressed in the disciplines related to the HCI, but they are always related to the fashionable topics: smart cities, robotics, big data, etc., that is to say, the goal is to be part of some paneuropean project for the financial resources. However, those eventual advances can not solve the real problems that suffer millions of disabled people in the Old Continent. For instance, the prehistoric equipment they have in the Lombardy region to move ancient people with disabilities (elevator for the mobility impaired, orthopaedic beds, etc.) where the term “electronic engine”, and its application in the devices of the Fig. 1 do not exist yet neither for the manufacturers nor for the health ministry.
The Fig. 1 denote that there is a gap between the daily reality of the disabled and the solutions proposed from the ICTs sector. That gap is the European pink mirage that exists between the HCI, ICTs, and all children, young people, adults, elderly people with disabilities, accompanied by their families, who must face alone, a daily life where the advances of the latest technologies are light years away, at the moment of making simple physical movements, for example.
3 A Profitable Hexagon in Times of Crisis
At the end of the first decade of the new millennium erupted the global financial crisis, where computer science in the bank management systems have only served to enhance it, since the human controls haven’t worked [4, 5]. Since then, very little research has been carried out in the main magazines, journals, proceedings, books, etc., related to computer science, software engineering, systems engineering, human-computer interaction, etc., that has addressed the consequences of putting software and hardware instruments with low costs and even free, to damage millions of human beings in the Old Continent, after the two world wars of the 20th century [3, 4]. From then on, the welfare state of the EU, founded on the pillars of education and healthcare, became the target of constant cutbacks, of the local, provincial, regional, national authorities, etc. A group of university professors, hired or not, with partial time dedication or full time, graduated in mathematics, physics, fine arts, audiovisual, computer science, etc., see in the disabled, the elderly and the children the panacea to obtain financial resources and overcome the worst years in the context of R&D, research and teaching in Europe after World War Two. They have focused their action on the HCI hexagon: HCI; Mass and New Media; ICTs; Children, Older and Disabled Users; R&D Financing (banking foundations, European social fund, national ministerial aids, etc.), and International Events (Fig. 3).
3.1 Human-Computer Interaction
One of the hypocritical sentences that are generally repeated in the context of the HCI when something does not work correctly in an organization, association, foundation, etc., is “we are working non-profit”. In that sense, the user must analyze if these entities related to the HCI, user experience, virtual reality, computer and/or video art, etc., charge or not a monthly, quarterly or yearly fee to belong to such entities. If the answer is affirmative, these entities are for profit, regardless of what their online by-laws, ethical codes, and other masks establish to hide that their final purpose is not research. For instance, when one of those members deposits one, two, three, four, five or more millions euros received in European subsidies for an alleged R&D project in a bank branch or a savings bank, axiomatically, those who sign such a project will enjoy a myriad personal benefits from the financial entity, especially in the countries in the south of Europe.
These financial benefits and economic advantages rank from the obtainment of personal loans, credit cards, goods and/or services for the home, the office, etc. down to holidays, health insurances, etc. Benefits that are increased exponentially if the leaders of said projects reside a few kilometers away from tax havens such as: Andorra, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Switzerland, Luxemburg, etc. Consequently, the term “non-profit” is false.
3.2 Mass Media and New Media
The media are essential achieve a goal: “Everybody talks about them”. It is an expression that allows to establish agreements with universities, research centres, etc., within and without the European borders, without paying attention to the curriculum of the members. Simultaneously, that sentence shows the existence of an authoritarian system in the management and control of the social information, emulating the mechanisms and strategies used by Goebbels to generate unidirectional contents. These mechanisms have been fostered for decades in public universities, such as UPF (Pompeu Fabra University), UPC (Polytechnic University of Catalonia), URV (Rovira i Virgili University), UAB (Autonomous University of Barcelona), etc. But some of their professors in the areas of computer science, audiovisual, ICTs, etc., function as a corporation of individual societies inside the university structure. Under that educational antimodel, as for example in UPF, the professionals of TV3 in Catalonia are trained [6]. In other cases, those unidirectional, vertical, dictatorial mechanisms only need a year, such as in the case of the Radio Télévision des Mille Collines (RTLM) in Ruanda (1994). Those media, with only 12 months of functioning, was mainly responsible for one of the greatest genocides within the African borders (the fratricide between hutus and tutsis, caused almost a million of dead and wounded).
These mechanisms are present in some Catalan public universities when advertising turns into propaganda [6] and invites the registration of students in their offices, since they are guaranteed in advance the publication of their scientific works in journals, books, conferences, etc., with “A” category. Besides, those students who contribute more money to the coffers of those study centres, will have the possibility of publishing even in the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). A way to synthetize that negative reality related to the HCI is the slogan that they use: “Study with us because we offer you the possibility of publishing in ACM, IEEE, Elsevier, etc., and even MIT”. This example of “propaganda strategy” inside the HCI is not only based on the manipulation of information in the 21st century but also on Goebbels’ mechanisms [6]. Besides, the MIT and other entities, public, private or hybrid, are represented as a space where “anything is HCI”, being related or not to the children, the elderly, the disabled, the poor, among other groups of the marginalized or the socially excluded. The damage inside the main and secondary goals of study as HCI discipline and their interrelations in areas such as: ICT, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, etc., is immeasurable. The same happens to the future professionals in such academic units, in which they have not been trained, but rather deformed. An iconic analysis in the social networks of the authors of that deformation, such as Wikipedia, Facebook, Linkedin, can be seen behind a microphone, a video camera, surrounded by students, with their arms crossed to show their muscles, etc. In other words, it is the latent manifestation of the dynamic persuader [1].
3.3 Information and Communication Technologies
ICTs are a constant source of changes which have spread throughout the university centres of our planet. In some of them we have seen how some teachers have gone from nuclear engineering to hypertext, from multimedia to usability engineering, from museums to interactive communication, from smart cities to robots for autistic children, blind, etc. This is a “weather vane” phenomenon, which shows the direction where money is available in the Old and the New World, without being interested in establishing research lines or work teams that are serious and lasting in time.
They have seen in the HCI context an ideal territory to change as many times as necessary. Regrettably, those patterns of behaviour that seriously damage the HCI discipline and all its derivations are now exported within parochialism and foster the Garduña factor in the education and the scientific research in the next decades. While in many centres of technological excellence they require the presence of mathematicians, computer scientists, electronic engineers, audiovisual artists, etc. [7], where the former know how to create algorithms and solve equations, the latter are supposed to program with the latest programming languages, and the third group knows how to create electronic circuits, and the fourth group knows how to make computer animations, etc., in the centres related to HCI, User Centered Design, User Experience, Usability Engineering, etc., in the south of Europe.
The members who hold the four previous degrees (graduates, engineers and PhDs) do not know how to carry out in an autonomous way not a single one of said operations [3]. They only try to be the heads of the technicians, directors of doctoral theses, to get and manage the funds of the financial subsidies, etc. A reality which is represented in the ads that appear on the online websites, requesting qualified staff (i.e., http://acm-sigchi.1086187.n5.nabble.com, https://research.cs.wisc.edu/dbworld/ browse.html). The problem is that these new centres grant fast degrees, without the future professionals having enough theoretical and/or technical knowledge, as it has happened in the digital arts, multimedia engineering, usability engineering, etc. That is to say, “few Indians and many chiefs”. The interested reader can consult the following bibliography [1, 2, 8] to learn the techniques used since the late 20th century. They remain in place in the Catalonia university centres which are referenced in the bibliography.
Undoubtedly, it is complicated to be acquainted with the latest technologies, since the changes that affect millions of potential users of the interactive systems are generated by the minute. Those who realize the projects related to a myriad of applications in software and hardware (programmers, systems analysts, electronic engineers, etc.), stem from the so called emerging countries, from the economic point of view, such as: Argentina, Brasil, China, India, South Africa, Turkey, among others. In many universities in the south of Europe, that staff are hired on a limited time basis, and as a rule their names do not appear in the works published in the format of papers, demos, research-in-progress, theses, doctoral theses, etc. Just a few of those names are in the acknowledgments section. However, it is those people who really turn the sketches drawn on paper into accessible interactive systems.
3.4 Children, Older and Disabled Users
Traditionally, the profile of the end users of off-line hypermedia systems in the 90s, where the disabled were not included, but the children, teenagers, young people, adults and the elderly were, could be classified as occasional, intentional, expert, and inexperienced and intentional users [2]. Profiles, professional experience and preexisting knowledge in the use of the multimedia systems can be summed up in the following way:
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The eventual users consulted the system only once, as in the case of a catalogue offering products or a tourist information point. The time it took them for the use of the system was less than an hour and they had no prior experience in multimedia.
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The intentional users are interested in the subject of the application and seek to go deeper into it, for instance, the scientific encyclopedias. The time available for the use of the system was short (between 1 and 3 h) and they had previous experience in the use of the multimedia systems.
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Experts, researchers on the content of the application, whose planned time was unlimited, and with previous experience in the use of the multimedia systems, for instance, educational contents for the learning of mathematics, chemistry, etc.
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Inexperienced and intentional, basically students who do not have previous experience in the use of computers but denote a great interest in learning, and therefore the time for the use of the system was unlimited.
Starting from multimedia in mobile phones, this classification was rendered obsolete, since the access was for all kinds of users. The disabled users, together with children and the elderly, became, after the financial crisis of the new millennium, a center for obtaining European subsidies, in a myriad of R&D pseudo projects. In order to get these subsidies, it was necessary to establish the “good or ideal links”, or “la cordata buona/ideale”, as they say in Italy. That is to say, an interrelation among friends, in order to exchange favors, ranging from the approval without significant controls of the works in the conferences, workshops, etc., in their doctoral students to the obtaining of international scholarships within and without the European Union, to mention an example. As a rule, departments from countries in the north of Europe interrelate with those in eastern and southern Europe. For instance, some research centre from the Scandinavian peninsula, with some department of computer science, audiovisual, systems, etc., of the Iberian Peninsula or Italy, with a sciences faculty in the eastern European countries. This geographical triangulation is the source of a myriad of financial resources in the euro zone, in order to, theoretically, allow access to the new technologies for the blind, the autistic, the epileptic, etc. Some of these centres are to be found in Barcelona, Milan, Trento, Turin, Pisa, Graz, Valencia, Palma de Mallorca, etc., cities where finding non-transparent people for financial links or “cordata buona/ideale” is a common denominator. An example of a pseudo project of video games within the HCI context (zero aging projects), with the elderly, for “a positive aging”, can be easily detected through the social networks, such as are the Figs. 1 and 2 from YouTube. It has its genesis in the ICTs department (Universidad Pompeu Fabra, in Barcelona), where the experiment is carried out in a neighbourhood association of Barcelona (Fig. 4).
In the video it can be seen that not all the participants are elderly, since there are adult and young people. Besides, the hardware is not homogeneous, that is, the monitors, keyboards, computers, etc., are not all the same, with which the value of the results of the experiment is equal to zero, although the goal is to carry out videogames to improve the physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Besides, in Fig. 5 it can be seen how the local research centres, their foundations and the banking entities interrelate among each other to get resources. It would be interesting to analyze in the financial entity all the disasters caused to thousands of families in Catalonia, with or without disabled, by offering them money and credit cards without collaterals, before the crisis and how, later, those families have been destroyed through the loss of jobs during the financial crisis.
The issue of the video games has been, is and will be a kind of magnet to attract financial funds from the off-line multimedia to the collapse of the virtual companies at the start of the 20th century (the only sector which kept on growing in the field of the multimedia firms in Europe), and now with artificial intelligence or the robots for the autistic, as it is the case with the labs/centres HOC, and I3Lab of the Polytechnic of Milan (Fig. 6). They, together with the UPF, make up two nexus of the “cordata ideale sui generis”, for the obtainment of European financial funds in pseudo projects, whose results can already be read in their titles, “zero”, but with high costs for the community that pays those officials for life, in the educational and banking institutions [3].
3.5 R&D Financing
Without any doubt, the elasticity now offered by the limits of the HCI sector, the new technologies, joined to the disabled, elderly and children, for example, makes all these interrelations, current and future, become a kind of crossroads of topics which are ideal to get funds from the city councils, associations, foundations, universities, health, education, science and technology ministries, European funds, international agreements and a long etc. The interest does not lie in the content, the seriousness and the continuity in the lines of research, but in the constant flow of financial funds in the public institutions such as the universities, even though some of them work like real corporations in the South of Europe.
This functioning is not a consequence of the financial crisis of the new millennium, rather it already existed in the past century, principally, in those ex-university institutes of the audiovisual (IUA – UPF), which nowadays are ICT departments, as it can be read in Catalan: “El finançament extern provindrà dels convenis i contractes que signin l’Institut i els seus investigadors amb entitats públiques o privades per a la realització de projectes d’investigació, de producció experimental, de docència o de serveis”, which translates into English as: “External financing will come from the agreements and contracts signed by the Institute and its researchers with public or private entities for the realization of research projects, of experimental production, teaching, or services.” This model of Catalan external financing has spread little by litle to those centres that work with the elderly, children and disabled in the Basque Country, Zaragoza, La Rioja, Castilla-La Mancha, Valencia, Majorca, Málaga, Madrid, Tenerife, etc. Later on, through the agreements or research projects in topics related to the HCI in Europe: Portugal, Italy, France, etc., in Latin America: Cauca (Colombia), Valparaíso (Chile), Puebla (Mexico), La Plata (Argentina, LIFIA), Río de Janeiro (Brazil), Asunción (Paraguay), etc., and in the USA: Indiana University, University of Iowa, Georgia Institute of Technology, etc. In short, absolute freedom to sign agreements and contracts, while the academic issue; the lines of research to be followed in the short, middle and long term; the working future of the students, etc., were totally marginalized. In the portal www.pirateando.net some of the main consequences of this financing model can be seen. Besides, in the R&D pseudo projects where people with disabilities are included who have as sponsors or partners the financial, banking, government institutions, etc., the goal are not the scientific results, but rather an institutional whitewashing (la Caixa, see Fig. 5) tending to recover the credibility of their activities and/or functions with regard to the local population. A population that has seen the digital divide increase in the last decade, due to the impossibility of updating to the last generation technological devices for economic reasons.
3.6 International Events
One of the ways to reinforce the distortions in the context of the HCI and the disabled, children and elderly is through the control of the associations, conferences, publications, etc. akin to those issues. We can see how a university department (ICT - UPF) controls indirectly the actions of an association (AIPO, in Spain) obtaining, in exchange, that every year, the works of their students receive awards. Obviously, these are manipulated prizes, of which the results are known beforehand [8]. However, those associations, universities, professors, students, etc., exert a despotic control inside the national territory, with international interrelations through the influence exerted on the final publications. These publications can derive from conferences, proceedings, journals, books, etc. Everything that escapes the control of the pressure groups must be destroyed. One of the sentences that rule those pressure groups is “Your enemy is my friend” and/or “They quarrel with everybody”. The techniques used are variegated. Some brief examples are:
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The Trojan Horse: inclusion in the scientific committees of people who do not participate, promote, etc., the event they have joined but devote themselves to foster rumours, circulation of false messages, smearing the members of the scientific committees, etc. It is not easy to detect them since these are tasks that require months or years of observation.
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Send messages of false regrets to the members of the high scientific and/or professional level, with the purpose of causing troubles and that those members drop out of the committees.
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Duplication of the scientific committees. In Portugal, some associations belonging to the ICTs (IADIS – www.iadis.org) dedicate themselves to sending messages to the members of scientific committees of similar events so that they join their events, with which clone committees are generated. The only solution is to eliminate from the original committees the members who have been cloned.
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Agreed approval and unilateral disapproval to take part in the committees of the events ad pc members, associate chairs, etc.
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Invitation to the keynotes to participate in seminars, informal talks, etc., on the same days and places where the conferences, workshops, symposiums, etc. will take place. The consequences are that the program of the event loses credibility because the previously announced keynotes are not present.
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Inclusion of research works which will never be referenced and whose main topics are related to sex, religion, marginalization, etc.
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Sending works for their evaluation and later publication in other events or scientific publications in other events once the corrections are made.
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Emission of global messages in the specialized portals and in the social networks instead of previously using the personal or private communication channels, such as the electronic messages.
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Boycotting the participation of non-controlled events and without “G” factor of the professors, researchers, students, etc., through a retaliation system which ranges from the renewal of work contracts, scholarships, etc.
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Blocking access to universities for the celebration of congresses, symposiums, workshops, etc., even paying rent for the use of the facilities.
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Raising the levels of human distance among the participants, organizers, secretaries, etc., in view of the constant attacks received.
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Discouraging the organizers, secretaries, collaborators, etc., through constant jokes, mockeries, and false victims of actions or non-existent situations, of the potential participants, whether they are authors or not.
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Pursuing and replicating of promotional messages of calls for papers inserting similar ads, often immediately. The authors of those illicit actions are rewarded inside the group of the local and/or international Garduña, since they appear in the scientific committees. Some examples are the cycles of events under the following acronyms: Interacción (AIPO, Spain), AVI (Polytechnic of Milan, Italy), etc. A study in depth of such delinquent actions can be checked in the following website: www.pirateando.net.
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Disapproving the sponsorships, partnerships, etc., that are non-profit, such as those coming from association such as ALAIPO (www.alaipo.net) and AinCI (www.ainci.net), slandering and offending the members of the committee because theoretically they do not belong 100% to the HCI sector. This behaviour denotes the presence of the Garduña factor as can be seen in the Fig. 7.
This “neutral” evaluator from ACM SIGCHI, appears as a committee member for Interaction South America (ISA 2015), Córdoba, Argentina (November 18–21, 2015), carrying out a similar international event in the same place and on the same days: 6th International Conference on ADNTIIC 2015, Córdoba, Argentina (November 18–20, 2015). Illegally, counteracting another that is carried out every year in the same city and on the same dates. Besides, it is not feasible that the ACM association grants two sponsorships when there are so many coincidences. This is an example of Garduña in the HCI sector, immune to the scientific community and which in its multiple destructive activities is also related to the disabled [8].
4 Conclusions
In the research work have been established the first contextual interrelations of the studies carried out under the notion of HCI with children, older and disabled in the south of Europe, and with links in the American continent. Besides, a new strategy has been used of telling factual realities through the use of sentences, which have been compiled through the direct and indirect observation in the works indexed in the online databases. Simultaneously, the current role of the women who are involved, belonging or not to the fields of the ICTs and HCI. The role of women has been verified in the current study. Although the role of the European female workers in the companies specialized in information technology, telecommunications, electronics, robotics, among others, does not go beyond 30%, exceptionally, their power of influence and decision in the field of the HCI such as: establishing the lines of research to be followed, the granting of financial aid, the signing of agreements between centres of higher education, is currently superior to masculine clout. Especially, when they have the possibility of developing R&D, teaching activities, etc., part-time or temporarily hired. Besides, it is easy to see how they switch from hypertext to children with autism, from web engineering to robotics, from museums to HCI, etc. A first hexagon with real and verifiable examples has been presented to be considered attentively, at the moment of studying the triad of children, older and disabled. The current hexagon will be transformed into a dodecagon in future research works, becoming a guide for students, professors, researchers, experts in ICTs, designers of interactive systems, etc. Finally, through the description of the analyzed real cases, it has been demonstrated how the G factor distorts the domains of natural study belonging to the whole of the HCI and all the elements that make it up.
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Cipolla Ficarra, F.V., Ficarra, M.V., Mendoza, E., Cipolla Ficarra, M. (2018). Quo Vadis “Interaction Design and Children, Older and Disabled” in America and Europe?. In: Antona, M., Stephanidis, C. (eds) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Virtual, Augmented, and Intelligent Environments . UAHCI 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10908. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92052-8_35
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