Abstract
Static binary analysis techniques are widely used to reconstruct the behavior and discover vulnerabilities in software when source code is not available. To avoid errors due to mis-interpreting data as machine instructions (or vice-versa), disassemblers and static analysis tools must precisely infer the boundaries between code and data. However, this information is often not readily available. Worse, compilers may embed small chunks of data inside the code section. Most state of the art approaches to separate code and data are rooted on recursive traversal disassembly, with severe limitations when dealing with indirect control instructions. We propose ELISA, a technique to separate code from data and ease the static analysis of executable files. ELISA leverages supervised sequential learning techniques to locate the code section(s) boundaries of header-less binary files, and to predict the instruction boundaries inside the identified code section. As a preliminary step, if the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) of the binary is unknown, ELISA leverages a logistic regression model to identify the correct ISA from the file content. We provide a comprehensive evaluation on a dataset of executables compiled for different ISAs, and we show that our method is capable to identify code sections with a byte-level accuracy (F1 score) ranging from \(98.13\%\) to over \(99.9\%\) depending on the ISA. Fine-grained separation of code from embedded data on x86, x86-64 and ARM executables is accomplished with an accuracy of over \(99.9\%\).
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Notes
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While it is possible to integrate our methodology with ISA-dependent heuristics, we show that our methodology achieves good results without ISA-specific knowledge.
- 2.
The parameters m and n belong to the model and can be appropriately tuned; for example, in our evaluation we used grid search.
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- 5.
We determine that \(C=10000\) is the optimal value through grid search optimization.
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- 7.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions that led to improving this work. This project has been supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under the FIRB project FACE (Formal Avenue for Chasing malwarE), grant agreement nr. RBFR13AJFT; and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement nr. 690972.
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De Nicolao, P., Pogliani, M., Polino, M., Carminati, M., Quarta, D., Zanero, S. (2018). ELISA: ELiciting ISA of Raw Binaries for Fine-Grained Code and Data Separation. In: Giuffrida, C., Bardin, S., Blanc, G. (eds) Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment. DIMVA 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10885. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93411-2_16
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