Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Automated Synthesis of a Real-Time Scheduling for Cyber-Physical Multi-core Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development (MODELSWARD 2017)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 880))

  • 584 Accesses

Abstract

Cyber-physical Systems are distributed, embedded systems that interact with their physical environment. Typically, these systems consist of several Electronic Control Units using multiple processing cores for the execution. Many systems are applied in safety-critical contexts and have to fulfill hard real-time requirements. The model-driven engineering paradigm enables system developers to consider all requirements in a systematical manner. In the software design phase, they prove the fulfillment of the requirements using model checking. When deploying the software to the executing platform, one important task is to ensure that the runtime scheduling does not violate the verified requirements by neglecting the model checking assumptions. Current model-driven approaches do not consider the problem of deriving feasible execution schedules for embedded multi-core platforms respecting hard real-time requirements. This paper extends the previous work on providing an approach for a semi-automatic synthesis of behavioral models into a deterministic real-time scheduling. We add an approach for the partitioning and mapping development tasks. This extended approach enables the utilization of parallel resources within a single ECU considering the verification assumptions by extending the open tool platform App4mc. We evaluate our approach using an example of a distributed automotive system with hard real-time requirements specified with the MechatronicUML method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alur, R., Dill, D.: A theory of timed automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 126(2), 183–235 (1994)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Amalthea: Deliverable: D3.1 concept for a partitioning/mapping/scheduling/timing-analysis tool. Technical report 3.4, Amalthea, January 2013

    Google Scholar 

  3. AMALTHEA4public Consortium: APP4MC Help Documentation (2017). https://www.eclipse.org/app4mc/help/app4mc-0.8.0/index.html#section4.5.2.3

  4. Amnell, T., Fersman, E., Pettersson, P., Yi, W., Sun, H.: Code synthesis for timed automata. Nord. J. Comput. 9(4), 269–300 (2002). http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=779110.779112

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Austin, T., Larson, E., Ernst, D.: Simplescalar: an infrastructure for computer system modeling. Computer 35(2), 59–67 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. AUTOSAR: Release 4.2 Overview and Revision History (2014). http://www.autosar.org/specifications/release-42/

  7. Becker, S., et al.: The mechatronicuml design method - process and language for platform-independent modeling. Technical report tr-ri-14-337, Heinz Nixdorf Institute, Paderborn University, version 0.4, March 2014

    Google Scholar 

  8. Borde, E., Carlson, J.: Towards verified synthesis of ProCom, a component model for real-time embedded systems. In: Proceedings of the 14th International ACM Sigsoft Symposium on Component Based Software Engineering, CBSE 2011, pp. 129–138. ACM, New York (2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/2000229.2000248

  9. Brun, M., Delatour, J.: Contribution to the software execution platform integration during an application deployment process. Ph.D. thesis, Ph.D. dissertation, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bureš, et al.: Procom-the progress component model reference manual. Mälardalen University, Västerås (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Crnković, I., Sentilles, S., Vulgarakis, A., Chaudron, M.R.: A classification framework for software component models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 37(5), 593–615 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Drozdowski, M.: Scheduling for Parallel Processing. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Berlin (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-310-5

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Ferdinand, C., Heckmann, R.: aiT: worst-case execution time prediction by static program analysis. In: Jacquart, R. (ed.) Building the Information Society. IIFIP, vol. 156, pp. 377–383. Springer, Boston, MA (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Geismann, J., Pohlmann, U., Schmelter, D.: Towards an automated synthesis of a real-time scheduling for cyber-physical multi-core systems. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development, MODELSWARD, vol. 1, pp. 285–292. INSTICC/ScitePress (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Geismann et al.: Implementation and example models (2016). https://trac.cs.upb.de/mechatronicuml/wiki/PaperModelsward17, http://workupload.com/file/rMP2kVG

  16. Gerking et al.: Domain-specific model checking for cyber-physical systems. In: Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering, Verification and Validation, MoDeVVa 2015, vol. 1514 (2015). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1514/

  17. Gill, N.S., Grover, P.S.: Component-based measurement: few useful guidelines. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes 28(6), 1–6 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hošek, P., Pop, T., Bureš, T., Hnětynka, P., Malohlava, M.: Comparison of component frameworks for real-time embedded systems. In: Grunske, L., Reussner, R., Plasil, F. (eds.) CBSE 2010. LNCS, vol. 6092, pp. 21–36. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13238-4_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Höttger, R., Krawczyk, L., Igel, B.: Model-based automotive partitioning and mapping for embedded multicore systems. In: International Conference on Parallel, Distributed Systems and Software Engineering, ICPDSSE 2015, vol. 2, pp. 2643–2649. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kitchenham, B., et al.: Case studies for method and tool evaluation. IEEE Softw. 12(4), 52–62 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Krawczyk, L., Wolff, C., Fruhner, D.: Automated distribution of software to multi-core hardware in model based embedded systems development. In: Dregvaite, G., Damasevicius, R. (eds.) ICIST 2015. CCIS, vol. 538, pp. 320–329. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24770-0_28

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Kristensen, J., Mejholm, A., Pedersen, S.: Automatic translation from UPPAAL to C. Technical report, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lau, K.K., Wang, Z.: Software component models. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 33(10), 709–724 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lelionnais, C., et al.: Formal behavioral modeling of real-time operating systems. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2012), Wroclaw, Poland, vol. 2, June 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01093794

  25. Lukasiewycz, F.N., et al.: Priority assignment for event-triggered systems using mathematical programming. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe, DATE 2013, EDA Consortium, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 982–987 (2013). http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2485288.2485524

  26. Macher et al.: Filling the gap between automotive systems, safety, and software engineering. e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, 1–7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00502-015-0301-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. OMG: Unified Modeling Language, version 2.4.1. Superstructure Specification (2011). http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Superstructure/PDF/

  28. Opp, D., Caspar, M., Hardt, W.: Code generation for timed automata system specifications considering target platform resource-restrictions. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computing and Information Technology 2011, pp. 144–149 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pohlmann, U., Hüwe, M.: Model-driven allocation engineering. In: Proceedings of the 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2015), November 2015. ACM/IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tindell, K., et al.: Analysis of hard real-time communications. Real-Time Syst. 9(2), 147–171 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01088855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Van Solingen, R., et al.: The Goal/Question/Metric Method: A Practical Guide for Quality Improvement of Software Development. McGraw-Hill, London (1999)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work was partially developed in the Leading-Edge Cluster ‘Intelligent Technical Systems OstWestfalenLippe’ (it’s OWL) and in the ITEA 2 AMALTHEA4public project (Nos. 01IS14029I and 01IS14029K). The IT’S OWL and the AMALTHEA4public projects are funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Software Engineering Research Group, Paderborn University, Zukunftsmeile 1, 33102, Paderborn, Germany

    Johannes Geismann

  2. IDiAL Institute, Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Otto-Hahn-Str. 23, 44227, Dortmund, Germany

    Robert Höttger & Lukas Krawczyk

  3. Software Engineering Department, Fraunhofer IEM, Zukunftsmeile 1, 33102, Paderborn, Germany

    Uwe Pohlmann & David Schmelter

Authors
  1. Johannes Geismann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert Höttger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lukas Krawczyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Uwe Pohlmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. David Schmelter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johannes Geismann .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Luís Ferreira Pires

  2. Siège du Groupe ESEO, Angers, France

    Slimane Hammoudi

  3. Malina Software Corp., Nepean, Ontario, Canada

    Bran Selic

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Geismann, J., Höttger, R., Krawczyk, L., Pohlmann, U., Schmelter, D. (2018). Automated Synthesis of a Real-Time Scheduling for Cyber-Physical Multi-core Systems. In: Pires, L., Hammoudi, S., Selic, B. (eds) Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development. MODELSWARD 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 880. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94764-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94764-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94763-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94764-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation