Abstract
We study abstraction techniques for model checking systems that combine non-deterministic with probabilistic behavior, emphasizing the discrete case. Existing work on abstraction offers a host of isolated techniques which we discuss uniformly through the formulation of abstracted model-checking problems (MCPs). Although this conceptualization is primarily meant to be a useful focal point for surveying the literature on abstraction-based model checking even beyond such combined systems, it also opens up new research opportunities and challenges for abstract model checking of mixed systems. In particular, we sketch how quantitative domain theory may be used to specify the precision of answers obtained from abstract model checks.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abramsky, S., Jung, A.: Domain theory. In: Abramsky, S., Gabbay, D.M., Maibaum, T.S.E. (eds.) Handbook of Logic in Computer Science, vol. 3, pp. 1–168. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford (1994)
Baeten, J.C.M., Weijland, W.P.: Process Algebra. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 18. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Baier, C., Engelen, B., Majster-Cederbaum, M.: Deciding Bisimilarity and Similarity for Probabilistic Processes. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 60, 187–231 (2000)
Baier, C., Stoelinga, M.I.A.: Norm functions for probabilistic bisimulations with delays. In: Tiuryn, J. (ed.) FOSSACS 2000. LNCS, vol. 1784, pp. 1–16. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Baier, C., Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G.: Computing probability bounds for linear time formulas over concurrent probabilistic systems. In: Kwiatkowska, M., Baier, C., Huth, M., Ryan, M. (eds.) Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 22. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (2000)
Bradfield, J.C.: Verifying Temporal Properties Of Systems. Birkhäuser, Boston (1991)
Bruns, G., Godefroid, P.: Model Checking Partial State Spaces with 3-Valued Temporal Logics. In: Halbwachs, N., Peled, D. (eds.) CAV 1999. LNCS, vol. 1633, pp. 274–287. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Bruns, G., Godefroid, P.: Generalized Model Checking: Reasoning about Partial State Spaces. In: Palamidessi, C. (ed.) CONCUR 2000. LNCS, vol. 1877, pp. 168–182. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Bryant, R.R.: Symbolic Boolean Manipulation with Ordered Binary-Decision Diagrams. ACM Computing Surveys 24(3), 293–318 (1992)
Burch, J.R., Clarke, E.M., Dill, D.L., McMillan, K.L., Hwang, J.: Symbolic model checking: 1020 states and beyond. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (June 1990)
Cattani, S., Segala, R.: Decision algorithms for probabilistic bisimulation. In: Brim, L., Jančar, P., Křetínský, M., Kucera, A. (eds.) CONCUR 2002. LNCS, vol. 2421, pp. 371–385. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Cerans, K., Godskesen, J.C., Larsen, K.G.: Timed modal specification - theory and tools. In: Computer Aided Verification, pp. 253–267 (1993)
Chen, Y.-F., Gansner, E.R., Koutsofios, E.: A C++ data model supporting reachability analysis and dead code detection. In: Jazayeri, M., Schauer, H. (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixth European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC/FSE 1997), pp. 414–431. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Clark, D., Hankin, C., Hunt, S., Nagarajan, R.: Possibilistic Information Flow is safe for Probabilistic Non-Interference. In: Workshop on Issues in the Theory of Security WITS 2000, Geneva, Switzerland, July 7-8 (2000)
Clarke, E., Biere, A., Raimi, R., Zhu, Y.: Bounded Model Checking Using Satisfiability Solving. Formal Methods in System Design 19(1), 7–34 (2001)
Clarke, E.M., Fujita, M., Zhao, X.: Representations of discrete functions, chapter Multi-terminal binary decision diagrams and hybrid decision diagrams, pp. 93–108. Kluwer academic publishers, Dordrecht (1996)
Clarke, E.M., Grumberg, O., Peled, D.A.: Model Checking. MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Clarke, E.M., Grumberg, O., Long, D.E.: Model checking and abstraction. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 16(5), 1512–1542 (1994)
Cleaveland, R., Smolka, S.A., Zwarico, A.E.: Testing preorders for probabilistic processes. In: Kuich, W. (ed.) ICALP 1992. LNCS, vol. 623, pp. 708–719. Springer, Heidelberg (1992)
Courcoubetis, C., Yannakakis, M.: The Complexity of Probabilistic Verification. Journal of the Association of Computing Machinery 42(4), 857–907 (1995)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Abstract interpretation: a unified lattice model for static analysis of programs. In: Proc. 4th ACM Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 238–252. ACM Press, New York (1977)
Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Temporal abstract interpretation. In: Conference Record of the 27th Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Boston, Mass, pp. 12–25. ACM Press, New York (2000)
Dams, D.: Abstract Interpretation and Partition Refinement for Model Checking. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands (July 1996)
D’Argenio, P.R., Jeannet, B., Jensen, H.E., Larsen, K.G.: Reachability Analysis of Probabilistic Systems by Successive Refinements. In: de Luca, L., Gilmore, S. (eds.) PROBMIV 2001, PAPM-PROBMIV 2001, and PAPM 2001. LNCS, vol. 2165, pp. 39–56. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
D’Argenio, P.R., Jeannet, B., Jensen, H.E., Larsen, K.G.: Reduction and Refinement Strategies for Probabilistic Analysis. In: Hermanns, H., Segala, R. (eds.) PROBMIV 2002, PAPM-PROBMIV 2002, and PAPM 2002. LNCS, vol. 2399, pp. 57–76. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Denning, D.: A Lattice Model of Secure Information Flow. Communications of the ACM 19(5), 236–243 (1976)
Denning, D.: Certification of Programs for Secure Information Flow. Communications of the ACM 20(7), 504–513 (1977)
Desharnais, J., Edalat, A., Panangaden, P.: Bisimulation for Labelled Markov Processes. Journal of Information and Computation 179(2), 163–193 (2002)
Desharnais, J., Gupta, V., Jagadeesan, R., Panangaden, P.: Approximating Labeled Markov Processes. In: 15th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science LICS 2000, Santa Barbara, California. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2000)
Desharnais, J., Gupta, V., Jagadeesan, R., Panangaden, P.: Weak bisimulation is sound and complete for PCTL*. In: Brim, L., Jančar, P., Křetínský, M., Kucera, A. (eds.) CONCUR 2002. LNCS, vol. 2421, pp. 355–370. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Dwyer, M.B., Schmidt, D.A.: Limiting State Explosion with Filter-Based Refinement. In: Proceedings of the ILPS 1997 Workshop on Verification, Model Checking, and Abstraction (1997)
Gierz, G., Hofmann, K.H., Keimel, K., Lawson, J.D., Mislove, M., Scott, D.S.: A Compendium of Continuous Lattices. Springer, Heidelberg (1980)
Gilmore, S., Ryan, M. (eds.): Language Constructs for Describing Features. In: Proc. of the FIREworks workshop. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Godefroid, P.: Model Checking for Programming Languages using VeriSoft. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Paris, January 1997, pp. 174–186 (1997)
Graf, S., Sifakis, J.: Readiness Semantics for Regular Processes with Silent Actions. In: Proc. of ICALP 1987, pp. 115–125 (1987)
Halmos, P.R.: Measure Theory. In: Graduate Texts in Mathematics 18. Springer, Heidelberg (1950)
Hansson, H.: Time and Probability in Formal Design of Distributed Systems. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (1991)
Hansson, H.A., Jonsson, B.: A logic for reasoning about time and reliability. Formal Aspects of Computing 6(5), 512–535 (1994)
Harding, A., Ryan, M., Schobbens, P.-Y.: Approximating ATL* in ATL. In: Cortesi, A. (ed.) VMCAI 2002. LNCS, vol. 2294, pp. 289–301. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Hatcliff, J., Corbett, J.C., Dwyer, M.B., Sokolowski, S., Zheng, H.: A formal study of slicing for multi-threaded programs with JVM concurrency primitives. In: Static Analysis Symposium, pp. 1–18 (1999)
Hermanns, H., Herzog, U., Katoen, J.-P.: Process algebra for performance evaluation. Theoretical Computer Science 274(1–2), 43–87 (2002)
Hermanns, H., Katoen, J.-P.: Performance Evaluation : = (Process Algebra + Model Checking) × Markov Chains. In: Larsen, K.G., Nielsen, M. (eds.) CONCUR 2001. LNCS, vol. 2154, pp. 59–81. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Hermanns, H.: Interactive Markov Chains. LNCS, vol. 2428, p. 57. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Hillston, J.: A Compositional Approach to Performance Modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Hoare, C.A.R.: Communicating Sequential Processes. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1985)
Huth, M.: A Unifying Framework for Model Checking Labeled Kripke Structures, Modal Transition Systems, and Interval Transition Systems. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Software Technology & Theoretical Computer Science, IIT Chennai, India. LNCS, pp. 369–380. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Huth, M.: Domains of view: a foundation for specification and analysis. In: Domains and Processes, pp. 183–218. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2001)
Huth, M.: Probabilistic Abstraction-Based Model Checking. In: Hermanns, H., Segala, R. (eds.) PROBMIV 2002, PAPM-PROBMIV 2002, and PAPM 2002. LNCS, vol. 2399, pp. 115–134. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Huth, M., Kwiatkowska, M.: Quantitative analysis and model checking. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 111–122. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1997)
Huth, M.: The interval domain: A matchmaker for aCTL and aPCTL. In: Mislove, M., Cleaveland, R., Mulry, P. (eds.) Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 14. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (2000)
Huynh, T., Tian, L.: On some Equivalence Relations for Probabilistic Processes. Fundamenta Informaticae 17, 211–234 (1992)
Jifeng, H., Seidel, K., McIver, A.: Probabilistic models for the guarded command language. Science of Computer Programming 28(2–3), 171–192 (1997)
Jones, C.: Probabilistic Nondeterminism. PhD thesis, Laboratory for the Foundations of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Monograph ECS-LFCS-90-105 (1990)
Jones, C., Plotkin, G.: A probabilistic powerdomain of evaluations. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 4th Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, pp. 186–195. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1989)
Jonsson, B., Larsen, K.G.: Specification and Refinement of Probabilistic Processes. In: 6th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 15-18, pp. 266–277. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1991)
Kannelakis, P., Smolka, S.: CCS Expressions, Finite State Processes and Three Problems of Equivalence. Journal of Information and Computation 86, 43–68 (1990)
McMillan, K.L.: Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1993)
Kozen, D.: Semantics of Probabilistic Programs. Computer and System Sciences 22, 328–350 (1981)
Kozen, D.: A Probabilistic PDL. Computer and System Sciences 22(2), 162–178 (1985)
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Sproston, J.: Probabilistic Model Checking of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network Protocol. In: Hermanns, H., Segala, R. (eds.) PROBMIV 2002, PAPM-PROBMIV 2002, and PAPM 2002. LNCS, vol. 2399, pp. 169–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Larsen, K.G.: Modal Specifications. In: Sifakis, J. (ed.) Automatic Verification Methods for Finite State Systems. International Workshop, Grenoble, France. LNCS, vol. 407, pp. 232–246. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)
Larsen, K.G., Skou, A.: Bisimulation through probabilistic testing. Information and Computation 94(1), 1–28 (1991)
Larsen, K.G., Thomsen, B.: A Modal Process Logic. In: Third Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, pp. 203–210. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1988)
Lassaigne, R., Peyronnet, S.: Approximate Verification of Probabilistic Systems. In: Hermanns, H., Segala, R. (eds.) PROBMIV 2002, PAPM-PROBMIV 2002, and PAPM 2002. LNCS, vol. 2399, pp. 213–214. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Martin, K.: The measurement process in domain theory. In: Proc. of Automata, Languages and Programming ICALP 2000, pp. 116–126 (2000)
McIver, A., Morgan, C.: Almost-certain eventualities and abstract probabilities in quantitative temporal logic. In: Fidge, C. (ed.) Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 42. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (2001)
McIver, A., Morgan, C.: Games, probability and the quantitative μ-calculus qMμ. In: Baaz, M., Voronkov, A. (eds.) LPAR 2002. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2514, pp. 292–310. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Milner, R.: An algebraic definition of simulation between programs. In: 2nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 481–489. British Computer Society, London (1971)
Milner, R.: Communication and Concurrency. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1989)
Milner, R.: Communicating and Mobile Systems: the π-Calculus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999)
Monniaux, D.: Abstract interpretation of programs as Markov decision processes. Technical report, Départment d’Informatique,École Normale Supérieure, 45, rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 5, France (2001)
Monniaux, D.: Backwards abstract interpretation of probabilistic programs. In: Sands, D. (ed.) ESOP 2001. LNCS, vol. 2028, p. 367. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Monniaux, D.: Abstract interpretation of probabilistic semantics. In: Palsberg, J. (ed.) SAS 2000. LNCS, vol. 1824, pp. 322–340. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Monniaux, D.: An abstract analysis of the probabilistic termination of programs. In: Cousot, P. (ed.) SAS 2001. LNCS, vol. 2126, Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Monniaux, D.: An abstract Monte-Carlo method for the analysis of probabilistic programs (extended abstract). In: 28th Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages POPL 2001, pp. 93–101. Association for Computer Machinery (2001)
Monniaux, D.: Analyse de programmes probabilistes par interprétation abstraite. Résumé étendu en français. Contents in English,Résumé étendu en français. Contents in English (2001)
Morgan, C., McIver, A., Seidel, K., Sanders, J.W.: Refinement-oriented probability for CSP. Formal Aspects of Computing 8(6), 617–647 (1996)
Morgan, C., McIver, A.: An expectation-based model for probabilistic temporal logic. Logic Journal of the IGPL 7(6), 779–804 (1999)
Morgan, C., McIver, A., Seidel, K.: Probabilistic predicate transformers. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 18(3), 325–353 (1996)
Motvani, R., Raghavan, P.: Randomized Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995)
Nielson, F., Nielson, H.R., Hankin, C.: Principles of Program Analysis. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Papadimitriou, C.H.: Games against nature. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 31, 288–301 (1985)
Papadimitriou, C.H.: Computational Complexity. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1994)
Park, D.M.R.: Concurrency and automata on infinite sequences. In: Deussen, P. (ed.) GI-TCS 1981. LNCS, vol. 104, pp. 167–183. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)
Pasareanu, C.S.: DEOS kernel: Environment modeling using LTL assumptions. Technical Report #NASA-ARC-IC-2000-196, NASA Ames (July 2000)
Phillipou, A., Lee, I., Sokolsky, O.: Weak Bisimulation for Probabilistic Systems. In: Palamidessi, C. (ed.) CONCUR 2000. LNCS, vol. 1877, pp. 334–349. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Di Pierro, A., Hankin, C., Wiklicky, H.: Approximate Non-interference. In: CSFW 2002 15th IEEE Computer Security Foundation Workshop, June 2002, pp. 1–15 (2002)
Di Pierro, A., Wicklicky, H.: Probabilistic Abstract Interpretation and Statistical Testing. In: Hermanns, H., Segala, R. (eds.) PROBMIV 2002, PAPM-PROBMIV 2002, and PAPM 2002. LNCS, vol. 2399, pp. 211–212. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Plotkin, G.D.: A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics. Technical Report FN-19, DAIMI, Computer Science Department, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Building 540, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark (September 1981); Reprinted April 1991
Puterman, M.L.: Markov decision processes: discrete stochastic dynamic programming. In: Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (1994)
Bahar, R.I., Frohm, E.A., Gaona, C.M., Hachtel, G.D., Macii, E., Pardo, A., Somenzi, F.: Algebraic Decision Diagrams and Their Applications. In: IEEE /ACM International Conference on CAD, Santa Clara, California, pp. 188–191. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (1993)
Sagiv, M., Reps, T., Wilhelm, R.: Parametric Shape Analysis via 3-Valued Logic. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of programming languages, San Antonio, Texas, January 20-22, pp. 105–118 (1999)
Scott, D.: Continuous lattices. In: Lawvere, F.W. (ed.) Toposes, Algebraic Geometry and Logic. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 274, pp. 97–136. Springer, Heidelberg (1972)
Segala, R.: Modeling and Verification of Randomized Distributed Real-Time Systems. PhD thesis, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Available as Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-676 (June 1995)
Segala, R., Lynch, N.: Probabilistic Simulations for Probabilistic Processes. Nordic Journal of Computing 2(2), 250–273 (Summer 1995)
Seidel, K., Morgan, C., McIver, A.: An introduction to probabilistic predicate transformers. Technical Report PRG-TR-6-96, Programming Research Group, Oxford Computing Laboratory, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD (1996)
Selic, B.: Physical programming: Beyond mere logic. In: ETAPS 2001 (2001) (Invited Talk)
van Glabbeek, R.J., Weijland, W.P.: Branching Time and Abstraction in Bisimulation Semantics. Journal of the ACM 43(3), 555–600 (1996)
Vardi, M.: Automatic verification of probabilistic concurrent finite-state programs. In: Proc. 26th IEEE Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science, Portland, Oregon, October 1985, pp. 327–338 (1985)
Volpano, D.: Provably secure programming languages for remote evaluation. ACM Computing Surveys: electronic 28A(2) (December 1996)
Waszkiewicz, P.: Quantitative Continuous Domains. PhD thesis, School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (July 2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huth, M. (2004). An Abstraction Framework for Mixed Non-deterministic and Probabilistic Systems. In: Baier, C., Haverkort, B.R., Hermanns, H., Katoen, JP., Siegle, M. (eds) Validation of Stochastic Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2925. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24611-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24611-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22265-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-24611-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive