Abstract
In this paper we discuss some of the ways social order is maintained in animal and human realms, with the goal of enriching our thinking about mechanisms that might be employed in developing similar means of ordering communities of agents. We present examples from our current work in human-agent teamwork, and we speculate about some new directions this kind of research might take. Since communities also need to change over time to cope with changing circumstances, we also speculate on means that regulatory bodies can use to adapt.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acquisti, A., Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W.J., Bradshaw, J.M.: Agent-based modeling of collaboration and work practices onboard the International Space Station. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Computer-Generated Forces and Behavior Representation, Orlando, FL, USA (2002)
Allen, J.F., Ferguson, G.: Human-machine collaborative planning. In: Proceedings of the NASA Planning and Scheduling Workshop, Houston, TX, USA (2002)
Asimov, I.: Runaround. In: Asimov, I. (ed.) I, Robot, pp. 33–51. Grafton Books, London (1942/1968); Originally published in Astounding Science Fiction, pp. 94- 103 (1942)
Barber, K.S., Gamba, M., Martin, C.E.: Representing and analyzing adaptive decision-making frameworks. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 23–42. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)
Boella, G.: Obligations and cooperation: Two sides of social rationality. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 57–78. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)
Boman, M.: Norms in artificial decision-making. Artificial Intelligence and Law 7, 17–35 (1999)
Bradshaw, J.M., Beautement, P., Raj, A., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Suri, N.: Making agents acceptable to people. In: Zhong, N., Liu, J. (eds.) Intelligent Technologies for Information Analysis: Advances in Agents, Data Mining, and Statistical Learning, Springer, Berlin (2003) (in press)
Bradshaw, J.M., Boy, G., Durfee, E., Gruninger, M., Hexmoor, H., Suri, N., Tambe, M., Uschold, M., Vitek, J. (eds.): Software Agents for the Warfighter. ITAC Consortium Report. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2003)
Bradshaw, J.M., Jung, H., Kulkarni, S., Taysom, W.: Dimensions of adjustable autonomy and mixed-initiative interaction. In: Klusch, M., Weiss, G., Rovatsos, M. (eds.) Computational Autonomy, Springer, Berlin (2004) (in press)
Bradshaw, J.M., Sierhuis, M., Acquisti, A., Feltovich, P., Hoffman, R., Jeffers, R., Prescott, D., Suri, N., Uszok, A., Van Hoof, R.: Adjustable autonomy and human-agent teamwork in practice: An interim report on space applications. In: Hexmoor, H., Falcone, R., Castelfranchi, C. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 243–280. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2003)
Bradshaw, J.M., Sierhuis, M., Gawdiak, Y., Jeffers, R., Suri, N., Greaves, M.: Adjustable autonomy and teamwork for the Personal Satellite Assistant. In: Proceedings of the IJCAI 2001 Workshop on Autonomy, Delegation, and Control: Interacting with Autonomous Agents, Seattle, WA, USA (2001)
Bradshaw, J.M., Suri, N., Breedy, M.R., Canas, A., Davis, R., Ford, K.M., Hoffman, R., Jeffers, R., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J., Reichherzer, T., Uszok, A.: Terraforming cyberspace. In: Marinescu, D.C., Lee, C. (eds.) Process Coordination and Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 165–185. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2002); Updated and expanded version of an article that originally appeared in IEEE Intelligent Systems, pp. 49-56 (July 2001)
Breazeal, C., Scassellati, B.: How to build robots that make friends and influence people. In: IROS, Kyonjiu, Korea (1999)
Calmet, J., Daemi, A., Endsuleit, R., Mie, T.: A liberal approach to openess in societies of agents. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 81–92. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Clark, H.H.: Using Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Clarke, R.: Asimov’s laws of robotics: Implications for information technology, Parts 1 and 2. IEEE Computer, 53-61/57-66 (December/January 1993-1994)
Cohen, P.R., Levesque, H.J.: Teamwork. Technote 504. SRI International, Menlo Park (March 1991)
Cohen, R., Fleming, M.: Adjusting the autonomy in mixed-initiative systems by reasoning about interaction. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 105–122. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)
Conte, R., Castelfranchi, C.: Cognitive and social action. UCL Press, London (1995)
Cook, R.I., Woods, D.D.: Operating at the sharp end: The complexity of human error. In: Bogner, S.U. (ed.) Human Error in Medicine, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1994)
d’Inverno, M., Luck, M.: Understanding Agent Systems. Springer, Berlin (2001)
Damianou, N., Dulay, N., Lupu, E.C., Sloman, M.S.: Ponder: A Language for Specifying Security and Management Policies for Distributed Systems, Version 2.3. Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of Computing, October 20 (2000)
Dorais, G., Bonasso, R.P., Kortenkamp, D., Pell, B., Schrekenghost, D.: Adjustable autonomy for human-centered autonomous systems on Mars. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Agents with Adjustable Autonomy. AAAI Technical Report SS-99-06, AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1999)
Dorais, G., Desiano, S.D., Gawdiak, Y., Nicewarmer, K.: An autonomous control system for an intra-vehicular spacecraft mobile monitor prototype. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS 2003), Nara, Japan (2003)
Falcone, R., Castelfranchi, C.: From automaticity to autonomy: The frontier of artificial agents. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 79–103. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)
Feltovich, P., Bradshaw, J.M., Jeffers, R., Uszok, A.: Order and KAoS: Using policy to represent agent cultures. In: Proceedings of the AAMAS 2003 Workshop on Humans and Multi-Agent Systems, Melbourne, Australia (2003)
Fox, J., Das, S.: Safe and Sound: Artificial Intelligence in Hazardous Applications. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Menlo Park, CA (2000)
Gawdiak, Y., Bradshaw, J.M., Williams, B., Thomas, H.: R2D2 in a softball: The Personal Satellite Assistant. In: Lieberman, H. (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2000), pp. 125–128. ACM Press, New York (2000)
Geertz, C.: The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York (1973)
Greaves, M., Holmback, H., Bradshaw, J.M.: What is a conversation policy? In: Greaves, M., Bradshaw, J.M. (eds.) Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents 1999 Workshop on Specifying and Implementing Conversation Policies, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 1–9 (1999)
Hancock, P.A., Scallen, S.F.: Allocating functions in human-machine systems. In: Hoffman, R., Sherrick, M.F., Warm, J.S. (eds.) Viewing Psychology as a Whole, pp. 509–540. American Psychological Association, Washington (1998)
Hohfeld, W.N.: Fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning. Yale Law Journal, 23 (1913)
Horvitz, E.: Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 1999), Pittsburgh, PA, ACM Press, New York (1999)
Horvitz, E., Jacobs, A., Hovel, D.: Attention-sensitive alerting. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Uncertainty and Artificial Intelligence (UAI 1999), Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 305–313 (1999)
Johnson, M., Chang, P., Jeffers, R., Bradshaw, J.M., Soo, V.-W., Breedy, M.R., Bunch, L., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J., Suri, N., Uszok, A.: KAoS semantic policy and domain services: An application of DAML to Web services-based grid architectures. In: Proceedings of the AAMAS 2003 Workshop on Web Services and Agent-Based Engineering, Melbourne, Australia (2003)
Jordan, M., Atkinson, M.: Orthogonal persistence for Java—A mid-term report. Sun Microsystems Laboratories (1998)
Kagal, L., Finin, T., Joshi, A.: A policy language for pervasive systems. In: Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks, Lago di Como, Italy (2003), http://umbc.edu/~finin/papers/policy03.pdf
Kahn, M., Cicalese, C.: CoABS Grid Scalability Experiments. In: Rana, O.F. (ed.) Second International Workshop on Infrastructure for Scalable Multi-Agent Systems at the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York (2001)
Knoll, G., Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M.: Path-based security for mobile agents. In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop onthe Security of Mobile Multi-Agent Systems (SEMAS 2001) at the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents 2001), pp. 54–60. ACM Press, New York (2001)
Krogh, C., Herrestad, H.: Hohfeld in Cyberspace and other applications of normative reasoning in agent technology. Artificial Intelligence and Law 7(1), 81–96 (1999)
Lopez y Lopez, F., Luck, M., d’Inverno, M.: A framework for norm-based inter-agent dependence. In: Proceedings of the Third Mexican Internation Conference on Computer Science (2001)
Lopez y Lopez, F., Luck, M., d’Inverno, M.: Constraining autonomy through norms. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Bologna, Italy, pp. 674–681 (2002)
Maes, P.: Agents that reduce work and information overload. In: Bradshaw, J.M. (ed.) Software Agents, pp. 145–164. AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)
Mayr, E.: This Is Biology. Belkamp Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)
McBurney, P., Parsons, S.: Engineering democracy in open agent systems. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 66–80. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Morris, D.: Peoplewatching. Vintage, London (2002)
Murphy, R.R.: Introduction to AI Robotics. The MIT Press, Cambridge (2000)
Myers, K., Morley, D.: Directing agents. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 143–162. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2003)
Neville, B., Pitt, J.: A computational framework for social agents in agent-mediated ecommerce. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds.) ESAW 2003. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3071, pp. 376–391. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Norman, D.A.: Turn signals are the facial expressions of automobiles. In: Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles, pp. 117–134. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1992)
Norman, D.A.: How might people interact with agents? In: Bradshaw, J.M. (ed.) Software Agents, pp. 49–55. The AAAI Press/The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1997)
Pynadath, D., Tambe, M.: Revisiting Asimov’s first law: A response to the call to arms. In: Meyer, J.-J.C., Tambe, M. (eds.) ATAL 2001. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2333, p. 307. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Sawyer, R.K.: Creating Conversations: Improvisation in Everyday Discourse. Hampton Press, Cresskill (2001)
Scerri, P., Pynadath, D., Tambe, M.: Adjustable autonomy for the real world. In: Hexmoor, H., Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (eds.) Agent Autonomy, pp. 163–190. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2002)
Schreckenghost, D., Martin, C., Bonasso, P., Kortenkamp, D., Milam, T., Thronesbery, C.: Supporting group interaction among humans and autonomous agents (2003) (submitted for publication)
Schreckenghost, D., Martin, C., Thronesbery, C.: Specifying organizational policies and individual preferences for human-software interaction (2003) (submitted for publication)
Sergot, M.: A computational theory of normative positions. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 2(4), 581–622 (2001)
Shoham, Y., Tennenholtz, M.: On the synthesis of useful social laws for artificial agent societies. In: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 276–281 (1992)
Sierhuis, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Acquisti, A., Van Hoof, R., Jeffers, R., Uszok, A.: Human-agent teamwork and adjustable autonomy in practice. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS), Nara, Japan (2003)
Smith, W.J.: The Behavior of Communicating. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1977)
Smith, W.J.: The biological bases of social attunement. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 6 (1995)
Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Groth, P.T., Hill, G.A., Jeffers, R.: Strong Mobility and Fine-Grained Resource Control in NOMADS. In: Kotz, D., Mattern, F. (eds.) MA 2000, ASA/MA 2000, and ASA 2000. LNCS, vol. 1882, pp. 2–15. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Groth, P.T., Hill, G.A., Jeffers, R., Mitrovich, T.R., Pouliot, B.R., Smith, D.S.: NOMADS: Toward an environment for strong and safe agent mobility. In: Proceedings of Autonomous Agents 2000, ACM Press, New York (2000)
Suri, N., Bradshaw, J.M., Burstein, M.H., Uszok, A., Benyo, B., Breedy, M.R., Carvalho, M., Diller, D., Groth, P.T., Jeffers, R., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Lott, J.: DAML-based policy enforcement for semantic data transformation and filtering in multi-agent systems. In: Proceedings of the Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems Conference (AAMAS 2003), ACM Press, New York (2003)
Suri, N., Carvalho, M., Bradshaw, J.M., Breedy, M.R., Cowin, T.B., Groth, P.T., Saavendra, R., Uszok, A.: Mobile code for policy enforcement. In: Policy 2003, Como, Italy (2003)
Tambe, M., Shen, W., Mataric, M., Pynadath, D.V., Goldberg, D., Modi, P.J., Qiu, Z., Salemi, B.: Teamwork in cyberspace: Using TEAMCORE to make agents team-ready. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Agents in Cyberspace, The AAAI Press, Menlo Park (1999)
Tonti, G., Bradshaw, J.M., Jeffers, R., Montanari, R., Suri, N., Uszok, A.: Semantic Web languages for policy representation and reasoning: A comparison of KAoS, Rei, and Ponder. In: Fensel, D., Sycara, K., Mylopoulos, J. (eds.) ISWC 2003. LNCS, vol. 2870, pp. 419–437. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Trevarthen, C.: Communication and cooperation in early infancy: A description of primary intersubjectivity. In: Bullowa, M. (ed.) Before Speech, pp. 321–348. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1979)
Uszok, A., Bradshaw, J.M., Hayes, P., Jeffers, R., Johnson, M., Kulkarni, S., Breedy, M.R., Lott, J., Bunch, L.: DAML reality check: A case study of KAoS domain and policy services. Submitted to the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2003), Sanibel Island, FL, USA (2003)
Vanderbilt, A.: Amy Vanderbilt’s New Complete Book of Etiquette: The Guide to Gracious Living. Doubleday and Company, Garden City (1952/1963)
Verhagen, H.: Norms and artificial agents. Sixth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Agent-Based Social Simulation, ESPRIT Network of Excellence on Agent-Based Computing. Amsterdam, Holland (2001), http://abss.cfpm.org/amsterdam-01/abssnorms.pdf
Weld, D., Etzioni, O.: The firsts law of robotics: A call to arms. In: Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1994), pp. 1042–1047 (1994)
Wohlmuth, P.C.: Traveling the highway: Sources of momentum in behavioral regulation. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 6, 1–9 (1995)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Feltovich, P.J., Bradshaw, J.M., Jeffers, R., Suri, N., Uszok, A. (2004). Social Order and Adaptability in Animal and Human Cultures as Analogues for Agent Communities: Toward a Policy-Based Approach. In: Omicini, A., Petta, P., Pitt, J. (eds) Engineering Societies in the Agents World IV. ESAW 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 3071. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25946-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25946-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22231-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-25946-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive