Abstract
We consider the problem of bounded model checking for linear temporal logic with past operators (PLTL). PLTL is more attractive as a specification language than linear temporal logic without past operators (LTL) since many specifications are easier to express in PLTL . Although PLTL is not more expressive than LTL, it is exponentially more succinct. Our contribution is a new more efficient encoding of the bounded model checking problem for PLTL based on our previously presented encoding for LTL . The new encoding is linear in the bound. We have implemented the encoding in the NuSMV 2.1 model checking tool and compare it against the encoding in NuSMV by Benedetti and Cimatti. The experimental results show that our encoding performs significantly better than this previously used encoding.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Biere, A., Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Zhu, Y.: Symbolic model checking without BDDs. In: Cleaveland, W.R. (ed.) TACAS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1579, pp. 193–207. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Biere, A., Clarke, E., Raimi, R., Zhu, Y.: Verifying Safety Properties of a PowerPCTM Microprocessor Using Symbolic Model Checking without BDDs. In: Halbwachs, N., Peled, D.A. (eds.) CAV 1999. LNCS, vol. 1633, pp. 60–71. Springer, Heidelberg (1999)
Copty, F., Fix, L., Fracer, R., Giunchiglia, E., Kamhi, G., Tacchella, A., Vardi, M.Y.: Benefits of bounded model checking at an industrial setting. In: Berry, G., Comon, H., Finkel, A. (eds.) CAV 2001. LNCS, vol. 2102, pp. 436–453. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Strichman, O.: Accelerating bounded model checking of safety properties. Formal Methods in System Design 24, 5–24 (2004)
Havelund, K., Roşu, G.: Synthesizing monitors for safety properties. In: Katoen, J.-P., Stevens, P. (eds.) TACAS 2002. LNCS, vol. 2280, pp. 342–356. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Gastin, P., Oddoux, D.: LTL with past and two-way very-weak alternating automata. In: Rovan, B., Vojtáš, P. (eds.) MFCS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2747, pp. 439–448. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Benedetti, M., Cimatti, A.: Bounded model checking for past LTL. In: Garavel, H., Hatcliff, J. (eds.) TACAS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2619, pp. 18–33. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Lichtenstein, O., Pnueli, A., Zuck, L.D.: The glory of the past. In: Parikh, R. (ed.) Logic of Programs 1985. LNCS, vol. 193, pp. 196–218. Springer, Heidelberg (1985)
Kamp, J.: Tense Logic and the Theory of Linear Order. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, California (1968)
Gabbay, D.M., Pnueli, A., Shelah, S., Stavi, J.: On the temporal basis of fairness. In: Conference Record of the Seventh Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp. 163–173. ACM, New York (1980)
Laroussinie, F., Markey, N., Schnoebelen, P.: Temporal logic with forgettable past. In: 17th IEEE Symp. Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2002), pp. 383–392. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2002)
Sistla, A.P., Clarke, E.M.: The complexity of propositional linear temporal logics. Journal of the ACM 32, 733–749 (1985)
Latvala, T., Biere, A., Heljanko, K., Junttila, T.: Simple bounded LTL model checking. In: Hu, A.J., Martin, A.K. (eds.) FMCAD 2004. LNCS, vol. 3312, pp. 186–200. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Giunchiglia, E., Giunchiglia, F., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Sebastiani, R., Tacchella, A.: NuSMV 2: An opensource tool for symbolic model checking. In: Brinksma, E., Larsen, K.G. (eds.) CAV 2002. LNCS, vol. 2404, pp. 359–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Frisch, A., Sheridan, D., Walsh, T.: A fixpoint encoding for bounded model checking. In: Aagaard, M.D., O’Leary, J.W. (eds.) FMCAD 2002. LNCS, vol. 2517, pp. 238–255. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.: Model checking of safety properties. Formal Methods in System Design 19, 291–314 (2001)
Tauriainen, H., Heljanko, K.: Testing LTL formula translation into Büchi automata. STTT - International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer 4, 57–70 (2002)
Moskewicz, M., Madigan, C., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Malik, S.: Chaff: Engineering an efficient SAT solver. In: Proceedings of the 38th Design Automation Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos (2001)
Cimatti, A., Roveri, M., Sheridan, D.: Bounded verification of past LTL. In: Hu, A.J., Martin, A.K. (eds.) FMCAD 2004. LNCS, vol. 3312, pp. 245–259. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Eén, N., Sörensson, N.: Temporal induction by incremental SAT solving. In: Encarnação, J.L. (ed.) Computer Aided Design Modelling, Systems Engineering, CAD-Systems. ENTCS, vol. 89. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1980)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Latvala, T., Biere, A., Heljanko, K., Junttila, T. (2005). Simple Is Better: Efficient Bounded Model Checking for Past LTL. In: Cousot, R. (eds) Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation. VMCAI 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3385. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30579-8_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30579-8_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24297-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30579-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)